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Famous poet /?-1805

Friedrich von Schiller

Friedrich von Schiller was a German philosopher, poet, historian, and playwright. He is considered a cornerstone of German literature and remains widely read and performed today.

Schiller's dramatic works were often infused with his idealistic view of humanity and its potential, exploring themes of freedom, justice, and morality. His plays, including "The Robbers," "William Tell," and "Mary Stuart," often feature characters caught between personal desire and societal pressures. These works grappled with the complexities of the Enlightenment while reflecting the turbulent political climate of his time.

Schiller's poetry, characterized by intense emotion and lyrical beauty, contributed significantly to the Sturm und Drang movement, a precursor to Romanticism. This period emphasized subjectivity and extremes of emotion, reacting against the Enlightenment's emphasis on rationality. In his poems, such as "Ode to Joy," Schiller celebrated human aspiration, freedom, and unity, themes that continue to resonate with audiences today.

His work shared common ground with other influential German writers of the period, such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, with whom Schiller maintained a close friendship and intellectual partnership. Both authors were crucial in shaping German literature and the broader cultural landscape of the late 18th century.

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The Gods Of Greece

Ye in the age gone by,
Who ruled the world—a world how lovely then!—
And guided still the steps of happy men
 In the light leading-strings of careless joy!
Ah, flourished then your service of delight!
 How different, oh, how different, in the day
When thy sweet fanes with many a wreath were bright,
 O Venus Amathusia!

Then, through a veil of dreams
 Woven by song, truth's youthful beauty glowed,
And life's redundant and rejoicing streams
 Gave to the soulless, soul—where'r they flowed
Man gifted nature with divinity
 To lift and link her to the breast of love;
All things betrayed to the initiate eye
 The track of gods above!

Where lifeless—fixed afar,
 A flaming ball to our dull sense is given,
Phoebus Apollo, in his golden car,
 In silent glory swept the fields of heaven!
On yonder hill the Oread was adored,
 In yonder tree the Dryad held her home;
And from her urn the gentle Naiad poured
 The wavelet's silver foam.

Yon bay, chaste Daphne wreathed,
 Yon stone was mournful Niobe's mute cell,
Low through yon sedges pastoral Syrinx breathed,
 And through those groves wailed the sweet Philomel,
The tears of Ceres swelled in yonder rill—
 Tears shed for Proserpine to Hades borne;
And, for her lost Adonis, yonder hill
 Heard Cytherea mourn!—

Heaven's shapes were charmed unto
 The mortal race of old Deucalion;
Pyrrha's fair daughter, humanly to woo,
 Came down, in shepherd-guise, Latona's son
Between men, heroes, gods, harmonious then
 Love wove sweet links and sympathies divine;
Blest Amathusia, heroes, gods, and men,
 Equals before thy shrine!

Not to that culture gay,
 Stern self-denial, or sharp penance wan!
Well might each heart be happy in that day—
 For gods, the happy ones, were kin to man!
The beautiful alone the holy there!
 No pleasure shamed the gods of that young race;
So that the chaste Camoenae favoring were,
 And the subduing grace!

A palace every shrine;
 Your sports heroic;—yours the crown
Of contests hallowed to a power divine,
 As rushed the chariots thundering to renown.
Fair round the altar where the incense breathed,
 Moved your melodious dance inspired; and fair
Above victorious brows, the garland wreathed
 Sweet leaves round odorous hair!

The lively Thyrsus-swinger,
 And the wild car the exulting panthers bore,
Announced the presence of the rapture-bringer—
 Bounded the Satyr and blithe Faun before;
And Maenads, as the frenzy stung the soul,
 Hymned in their maddening dance, the glorious wine—
As ever beckoned to the lusty bowl
 The ruddy host divine!

Before the bed of death
 No ghastly spectre stood—but from the porch
Of life, the lip—one kiss inhaled the breath,
 And the mute graceful genius lowered a torch.
The judgment-balance of the realms below,
 A judge, himself of mortal lineage, held;
The very furies at the Thracian's woe,
 Were moved and music-spelled.

In the Elysian grove
 The shades renewed the pleasures life held dear:
The faithful spouse rejoined remembered love,
 And rushed along the meads the charioteer;
There Linus poured the old accustomed strain;
 Admetus there Alcestis still could greet; his
Friend there once more Orestes could regain,
 His arrows—Philoctetes!

More glorious than the meeds
 That in their strife with labor nerved the brave,
To the great doer of renowned deeds
 The Hebe and the heaven the Thunderer gave.
Before the rescued rescuer [10] of the dead,
 Bowed down the silent and immortal host;
And the twain stars [11] their guiding lustre shed,
 On the bark tempest-tossed!

Art thou, fair world, no more?
 Return, thou virgin-bloom on Nature's face;
Ah, only on the minstrel's magic shore,
 Can we the footstep of sweet fable trace!
The meadows mourn for the old hallowing life;
 Vainly we search the earth of gods bereft;
Where once the warm and living shapes were rife,
 Shadows alone are left!

Cold, from the north, has gone
 Over the flowers the blast that killed their May;
And, to enrich the worship of the one,
 A universe of gods must pass away!
Mourning, I search on yonder starry steeps,
 But thee no more, Selene, there I see!
And through the woods I call, and o'er the deeps,
 And—Echo answers me!

Deaf to the joys she gives—
 Blind to the pomp of which she is possessed—
Unconscious of the spiritual power that lives
 Around, and rules her—by our bliss unblessed—
Dull to the art that colors or creates,
 Like the dead timepiece, godless nature creeps
Her plodding round, and, by the leaden weights,
 The slavish motion keeps.

To-morrow to receive
 New life, she digs her proper grave to-day;
And icy moons with weary sameness weave
 From their own light their fulness and decay.
Home to the poet's land the gods are flown,
 Light use in them that later world discerns,
Which, the diviner leading-strings outgrown,
 On its own axle turns.

Home! and with them are gone
 The hues they gazed on and the tones they heard;
Life's beauty and life's melody:—alone
 Broods o'er the desolate void, the lifeless word;
Yet rescued from time's deluge, still they throng
 Unseen the Pindus they were wont to cherish:
All, that which gains immortal life in song,
 To mortal life must perish!
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Analysis (ai): This poem is a nostalgic tribute to the rich mythology and vibrant culture of ancient Greece. The speaker yearns for a time when the gods were close to humans and nature was infused with divinity. The language is lyrical and evocative, painting vivid images of the gods and their surroundings.

Compared to the author's other works, this poem is more overtly nostalgic and elegiac. It reflects the author's longing for a simpler, more magical time, a theme that is often explored in his writing. In terms of its historical context, the poem reflects the rise of Christianity and the decline of traditional Greek religion. It is a lament for a lost world, a world of beauty and wonder that has been replaced by a more rationalistic and disenchanted worldview.

The poem is also notable for its innovative use of language and structure. Schiller blends Greek and Latin phrases with German vocabulary, creating a unique and sonorous effect. The poem's irregular rhythm and lack of traditional rhyme scheme further contribute to its sense of otherworldliness and nostalgia.
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The Fight With The Dragon

Why run the crowd?  What means the throng
That rushes fast the streets along?
Can Rhodes a prey to flames, then, be?
In crowds they gather hastily,
And, on his steed, a noble knight
Amid the rabble, meets my sight;
Behind him—prodigy unknown!—
A monster fierce they're drawing on;
A dragon stems it by its shape,
 With wide and crocodile-like jaw,
And on the knight and dragon gape,
 In turns, the people, filled with awe.

And thousand voices shout with glee
"The fiery dragon come and see,
Who hind and flock tore limb from limb!—
The hero see, who vanquished him!
Full many a one before him went,
To dare the fearful combat bent,
But none returned home from the fight;
Honor ye, then, the noble knight!"
And toward the convent move they all,
 While met in hasty council there
The brave knights of the Hospital,
 St. John the Baptist's Order, were.

Up to the noble master sped
The youth, with firm but modest tread;
The people followed with wild shout,
And stood the landing-place about,
While thus outspoke that daring one:
"My knightly duty I have done.
The dragon that laid waste the land
Has fallen beneath my conquering hand.
The way is to the wanderer free,
 The shepherd o'er the plains may rove;
Across the mountains joyfully
 The pilgrim to the shrine may move."

But sternly looked the prince, and said:
"The hero's part thou well hast played
By courage is the true knight known,—
A dauntless spirit thou hast shown.
Yet speak!  What duty first should he
Regard, who would Christ's champion be,
Who wears the emblem of the Cross?"—
And all turned pale at his discourse.
Yet he replied, with noble grace,
 While blushingly he bent him low:
"That he deserves so proud a place
 Obedience best of all can show."

"My son," the master answering spoke,
"Thy daring act this duty broke.
The conflict that the law forbade
Thou hast with impious mind essayed."—
"Lord, judge when all to thee is known,"
The other spake, in steadfast tone,—
"For I the law's commands and will
Purposed with honor to fulfil.
I went not out with heedless thought.
 Hoping the monster dread to find;
To conquer in the fight I sought
 By cunning, and a prudent mind."

"Five of our noble Order, then
(Our faith could boast no better men),
Had by their daring lost their life,
When thou forbadest us the strife.
And yet my heart I felt a prey
To gloom, and panted for the fray;
Ay, even in the stilly night,
In vision gasped I in the fight;
And when the glimmering morning came,
 And of fresh troubles knowledge gave,
A raging grief consumed my frame,
 And I resolved the thing to brave."

"And to myself I thus began:
'What is't adorns the youth, the man?
What actions of the heroes bold,
Of whom in ancient song we're told,
Blind heathendom raised up on high
To godlike fame and dignity?
The world, by deeds known far and wide,
From monsters fierce they purified;
The lion in the fight they met,
 And wrestled with the minotaur,
Unhappy victims free to set,
 And were not sparing of their gore.'"

"'Are none but Saracens to feel
The prowess of the Christian steel?
False idols only shall be brave?
His mission is the world to save;
To free it, by his sturdy arm,
From every hurt, from every harm;
Yet wisdom must his courage bend,
And cunning must with strength contend.'
Thus spake I oft, and went alone
 The monster's traces to espy;
When on my mind a bright light shone,—
 'I have it!' was my joyful cry."

"To thee I went, and thus I spake:
'My homeward journey I would take.'
Thou, lord, didst grant my prayer to me,—
Then safely traversed I the sea;
And, when I reached my native strand,
I caused a skilful artist's hand
To make a dragon's image, true
To his that now so well I knew.
On feet of measure short was placed
 Its lengthy body's heavy load;
A scaly coat of mail embraced
 The back, on which it fiercely showed."

"Its stretching neck appeared to swell,
And, ghastly as a gate of hell,
Its fearful jaws were open wide,
As if to seize the prey it tried;
And in its black mouth, ranged about,
Its teeth in prickly rows stood out;
Its tongue was like a sharp-edged sword,
And lightning from its small eyes poured;
A serpent's tail of many a fold
 Ended its body's monstrous span,
And round itself with fierceness rolled,
 So as to clasp both steed and man."

"I formed the whole to nature true,
In skin of gray and hideous hue;
Part dragon it appeared, part snake,
Engendered in the poisonous lake.
And, when the figure was complete,
A pair of dogs I chose me, fleet,
Of mighty strength, of nimble pace,
Inured the savage boar to chase;
The dragon, then, I made them bait,
 Inflaming them to fury dread,
With their sharp teeth to seize it straight,
 And with my voice their motions led."

"And, where the belly's tender skin
Allowed the tooth to enter in,
I taught them how to seize it there,
And, with their fangs, the part to tear.
I mounted, then, my Arab steed,
The offspring of a noble breed;
My hand a dart on high held forth,
And, when I had inflamed his wrath,
I stuck my sharp spurs in his side,
 And urged him on as quick as thought,
And hurled my dart in circles wide
 As if to pierce the beast I sought."

"And though my steed reared high in pain,
And champed and foamed beneath the rein,
And though the dogs howled fearfully,
Till they were calmed ne'er rested I.
This plan I ceaselessly pursued,
Till thrice the moon had been renewed;
And when they had been duly taught,
In swift ships here I had them brought;
And since my foot these shores has pressed
 Flown has three mornings' narrow span;
I scarce allowed my limbs to rest
 Ere I the mighty task began."

"For hotly was my bosom stirred
When of the land's fresh grief I heard;
Shepherds of late had been his prey,
When in the marsh they went astray.
I formed my plans then hastily,—
My heart was all that counselled me.
My squires instructing to proceed,
I sprang upon my well-trained steed,
And, followed by my noble pair
 Of dogs, by secret pathways rode,
Where not an eye could witness bear,
 To find the monster's fell abode."

"Thou, lord, must know the chapel well,
Pitched on a rocky pinnacle,
That overlooks the distant isle;
A daring mind 'twas raised the pile.
Though humble, mean, and small it shows
Its walls a miracle enclose,—
The Virgin and her infant Son,
Vowed by the three kings of Cologne.
By three times thirty steps is led
 The pilgrim to the giddy height;
Yet, when he gains it with bold tread,
 He's quickened by his Saviour's sight."

"Deep in the rock to which it clings,
A cavern dark its arms outflings,
Moist with the neighboring moorland's dew,
Where heaven's bright rays can ne'er pierce through.
There dwelt the monster, there he lay,
His spoil awaiting, night and day;
Like the hell-dragon, thus he kept
Watch near the shrine, and never slept;
And if a hapless pilgrim chanced
 To enter on that fatal way,
From out his ambush quick advanced
 The foe, and seized him as his prey."

"I mounted now the rocky height;
Ere I commenced the fearful fight,
There knelt I to the infant Lord,
And pardon for my sins implored.
Then in the holy fane I placed
My shining armor round my waist,
My right hand grasped my javelin,
The fight then went I to begin;
Instructions gave my squires among,
 Commanding them to tarry there;
Then on my steed I nimbly sprung,
 And gave my spirit to God's care."

"Soon as I reached the level plain,
My dogs found out the scent amain;
My frightened horse soon reared on high,—
His fear I could not pacify,
For, coiled up in a circle, lo!
There lay the fierce and hideous foe,
Sunning himself upon the ground.
Straight at him rushed each nimble hound;
Yet thence they turned, dismayed and fast,
 When he his gaping jaws op'd wide,
Vomited forth his poisonous blast,
 And like the howling jackal cried."

"But soon their courage I restored;
They seized with rage the foe abhorred,
While I against the beast's loins threw
My spear with sturdy arm and true:
But, powerless as a bulrush frail,
It bounded from his coat of mail;
And ere I could repeat the throw,
My horse reeled wildly to and fro
Before his basilisk-like look,
 And at his poison-teeming breath,—
Sprang backward, and with terror shook,
 While I seemed doomed to certain death."

"Then from my steed I nimbly sprung,
My sharp-edged sword with vigor swung;
Yet all in vain my strokes I plied,—
I could not pierce his rock-like hide.
His tail with fury lashing round,
Sudden he bore me to the ground.
His jaws then opening fearfully,
With angry teeth he struck at me;
But now my dogs, with wrath new-born,
 Rushed on his belly with fierce bite,
So that, by dreadful anguish torn,
 He howling stood before my sight."

"And ere he from their teeth was free,
I raised myself up hastily,
The weak place of the foe explored,
And in his entrails plunged my sword,
Sinking it even to the hilt;
Black gushing forth, his blood was spilt.
Down sank he, burying in his fall
Me with his body's giant ball,
So that my senses quickly fled;
 And when I woke with strength renewed,
The dragon in his blood lay dead,
 While round me grouped my squires all stood."

The joyous shouts, so long suppressed,
Now burst from every hearer's breast,
Soon as the knight these words had spoken;
And ten times 'gainst the high vault broken,
The sound of mingled voices rang,
Re-echoing back with hollow clang.
The Order's sons demand, in haste,
That with a crown his brow be graced,
And gratefully in triumph now
 The mob the youth would bear along
When, lo! the master knit his brow,
 And called for silence 'mongst the throng.

And said, "The dragon that this land
Laid waste, thou slew'st with daring hand;
Although the people's idol thou,
The Order's foe I deem thee now.
Thy breast has to a fiend more base
Than e'en this dragon given place.
The serpent that the heart most stings,
And hatred and destruction brings,
That spirit is, which stubborn lies,
 And impiously cast off the rein,
Despising order's sacred ties;
 'Tis that destroys the world amain."

"The Mameluke makes of courage boast,
Obedience decks the Christian most;
For where our great and blessed Lord
As a mere servant walked abroad,
The fathers, on that holy ground,
This famous Order chose to found,
That arduous duty to fulfil
To overcome one's own self-will!
'Twas idle glory moved thee there:
 So take thee hence from out my sight!
For who the Lord's yoke cannot bear,
 To wear his cross can have no right."

A furious shout now raise the crowd,
The place is filled with outcries loud;
The brethren all for pardon cry;
The youth in silence droops his eye—
Mutely his garment from him throws,
Kisses the master's hand, and—goes.
But he pursues him with his gaze,
Recalls him lovingly, and says:
"Let me embrace thee now, my son!
 The harder fight is gained by thee.
Take, then, this cross—the guerdon won
 By self-subdued humility."
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Analysis (ai): This epic poem narrates the encounter between a knight and a dragon, a common motif in medieval literature. The poem explores themes of heroism, duty, and the conflict between courage and obedience.

Compared to Friedrich von Schiller's other works, this poem is marked by its concise and direct style, focusing on the action and dialogue. It reflects the literary trends of the time, which favored a shift towards realism and simplicity.

The poem is further analyzed below:

Meter and Structure:
- Regular iambic tetrameter
- Rhyming couplets

Narrative Structure:
- Introduces the conflict and crowd gathering
- Relates the knight's victory over the dragon
- Explores the tension between the knight's actions and the Order's laws
- Resolves the conflict with the master's pronouncement

Characters:

Knight: Brave, cunning, and determined
Master: Wise, just, and principled

Themes:

Heroism: The knight's valor and victory over the dragon
Duty: The conflict between personal ambition and obedience to authority
Courage vs. Obedience: The knight's defiance of the law in pursuit of glory

Symbolism:

Dragon: Represents evil, danger, and the challenges of life
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Ode an die Freude

ode to Joy

O friends, not these clays!
But let's tune into more pleasant ones
And happier!

Joy, beautiful spark of the gods,
Daughter from Elysium,
We enter, drunk with fire,
heavenly thy sanctuary!
your spells bind again,
What fashion Strictly divided;
All people become brothers,
Where your gentle wing rests

Whoever made the big hit
to be a friend's friend
Whoever has won a devoted wife,
Mix in his cheers!
Yes, who even has a soul
His names on the earth round!
And whoever hasn't been able to steal
Weeping out of this covenant

All beings drink joy
At nature's brushes;
All good, all bad
Follow their trail of roses
She gave us kisses and vines,
A friend tried in death;
Pleasure was given to the worm,
And the cherub stands before God!

Happy how his suns fly
Through Heaven's magnificent plan,
Run, brother, your course,
Happy like a hero to victory

Be embraced, millions
This kiss for the whole world!
Brothers! Over the starry tent
Must live a dear father
You fall down, millions?
Do you sense the Creator, world?
Look for him over the starry sky!
He must dwell above the stars
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Analysis (ai): "Ode to Joy" by Friedrich von Schiller is a powerful and timeless anthem to brotherhood and universal happiness. Compared to his other works, it is a departure from his earlier focus on romanticism and instead embraces a more humanist and optimistic tone. The poem celebrates the ability of joy to unite all people, regardless of their circumstances. Written during the Enlightenment, it reflects the period's ideals of equality and fraternity.

In the poem, Schiller describes joy as a divine force that breaks down barriers and fosters a sense of unity among people. He urges his readers to embrace joy's message and to strive to bring happiness to others. The poem also explores the transformative power of friendship and love, suggesting that these experiences can lead to a deeper understanding of joy.

"Ode to Joy" has been widely praised for its soaring language and universal message. It has been set to music by many composers, including Beethoven in his Ninth Symphony. Its message of unity and joy continues to resonate with people today, making it one of Schiller's most enduring and influential works.
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