American Revolution

The American Revolution was an important event in the history of the United States. It is also called the War of Independence and the American Revolutionary War.

Beginning in the 1600s, groups of people from England and other countries moved to North America to start a new life. They took control of the land, though Indigenous peoples had lived there for many years. The Europeans formed colonies. A colony is an area controlled by one country but located somewhere else. By 1763, Great Britain controlled a large part of eastern North America. Most of the colonists lived in 13 colonies along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.

In the 1760s, however, the British government tried to take more control over the colonies. One major reason for this was that Britain had spent a lot of money fighting in several wars. By the 1760s Britain decided that its American colonies should help to pay its debts.

There were several reasons that the colonies went to war with the British. Some of the main causes were:

• Taxes: The British made the colonists pay taxes on everyday items that the colonists used.
• Boston Massacre: British soldiers fired into a crowd of people. Several people were killed, including a man named Crispus Attucks.
• Intolerable Acts: The British punished the colonists for protesting the taxes. They made harsh laws and sent the military to rule Massachusetts.

Taxes

To raise money, Britain forced the colonies to pay new taxes. In 1765 the British lawmakers, called Parliament, passed a law called the Stamp Act. The act put a tax on legal papers, newspapers, and other printed items. The colonists protested against the tax. They were especially angry because Parliament was taxing them even though they had no representatives in Parliament. Because of the protests, the British government ended the tax in 1766.

In 1767, however, a British official named Charles Townshend got Parliament to pass several new laws. The Townshend Acts taxed tea, lead, paint, paper, and glass coming into colonial ports. These taxes made the colonists even angrier.

Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party

To keep order, the British government sent soldiers to Boston, Massachusetts. On March 5, 1770, British soldiers fired shots into a crowd. Crispus Attucks and several other Americans were killed. This event became known as the Boston Massacre.

On the same day as the Boston Massacre, Parliament did away with most of the Townshend Acts. They kept a tax on tea, however. Then, in 1773, Britain passed a law that allowed a British company to sell tea more cheaply than colonial merchants. On December 16, 1773, colonists boarded British ships in Boston Harbor and threw their cargo of tea into the water. This event became known as the Boston Tea Party.

Intolerable Acts

The British government then passed laws that were even harsher. The colonists called them the Intolerable Acts. The strongest of these acts closed the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the tea they had ruined. Massachusetts was put under military rule.

The people realized that the colonies had to act together. In 1774, representatives from every colony except Georgia met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The meeting was called the Continental Congress. The representatives called on Britain to cancel the Intolerable Acts. The British government answered by sending in even more troops.

By this time, many colonists believed that their problems with Britain could not be worked out peacefully. They prepared to fight. They formed groups of soldiers called minutemen. The minutemen were to be ready to fight “at a minute’s warning.”

In April 1775, Britain sent a force to seize the colonists’ military supplies in Concord, Massachusetts. Paul Revere and William Dawes rode through the countryside to warn the colonists that the British soldiers were coming. On April 19 a group of minutemen met the British in Lexington, a town on the way to Concord. After a short fight, the British moved on to Concord. Another group of American soldiers forced them to turn back. The Battles of Lexington and Concord began the American Revolution.

The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in May 1775. It brought together the military forces of the colonies to form the Continental Army. It put George Washington in charge of the army. Washington spent months preparing his troops for battle.

Meanwhile, the first major battle of the war took place at Bunker Hill, near Boston. The British captured Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775. But they lost so many soldiers that the colonists claimed victory. The battle encouraged the colonists.

Before 1776 most colonists did not want to break free from Britain. They wanted only to get Britain to do something about their complaints. But as the fighting spread, more colonists became convinced that they had to separate from Britain. Some colonists continued to side with the British. They became known as loyalists. Those who fought for independence were known as patriots. On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence. With this document, the 13 colonies became the United States of America.

The Americans struggled against the larger and better-equipped British army. In the summer and autumn of 1776 the British forced George Washington’s troops out of New York. The Americans were driven across New Jersey into Pennsylvania. On Christmas night, however, Washington crossed the Delaware River to return to New Jersey. He had 2,400 troops with him, and they soon won important battles at Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey. These victories kept the struggle for independence alive.

The winter of 1777–78 was a very hard one for the Americans. Washington and his troops camped at Valley Forge, near Philadelphia. They suffered terribly from hunger and illness. But they emerged in the spring as a stronger fighting force. They defeated the British in Monmouth, New Jersey, on June 28, 1778.

In the last years of the war, most of the fighting took place in the South. In 1780 the British, led by General Charles Cornwallis, won battles in South Carolina. But in 1781, American and French forces trapped Cornwallis in Yorktown, Virginia. Cornwallis surrendered on October 19, 1781. The fighting was over.

The peace treaty was signed on September 3, 1783, in Paris, France. It was called the Treaty of Paris. By signing the treaty, Britain agreed that the United States was an independent country.

Before the colonies existed, the land was home to thousands of Indigenous people, or Native Americans. When the colonists arrived, they took over the land. In some cases, the new arrivals made friends with the Indigenous people. But overall, the Indigenous peoples’ lives were changed forever. They fought to keep their land. During the American Revolution, some of the Native Americans fought with the British. Others fought with the colonists. They all hoped that they would be treated better once the war was over. Many of the battles that the Indigenous people were involved in were in the areas outside the 13 colonies.

Many women played important roles in the revolution. A few, including Molly Pitcher, actually served on the battlefields. Others wrote about the cause. Phillis Wheatley was an enslaved Black woman who wrote poetry. Some of her poems supported the cause of independence. Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren were also writers. They knew many of the men involved in the revolution. Adams was the wife of John Adams, who was one of the leaders of the revolution. Abigail Adams and Warren wrote letters. Warren wrote about the people she knew who were involved in the cause. She also held meetings at her home to protest against the British. Many women protested the unfair treatment by the British in other ways. They boycotted British goods. That means that they refused to buy the goods. They encouraged men to boycott the goods as well.