volleyball

Volleyball is a team sport in which players use their hands and arms to pass a ball back and forth over a high net. The game is played by two teams, usually of six players on a side. The goal is to make the ball touch the court within the opponents’ playing area before it can be returned. To prevent this a player on the opposing team bats the ball up and toward a teammate before it touches the court surface. That teammate may then volley the ball back across the net or bat it to a third teammate who volleys it across the net. A team is allowed three touches of the ball before it must be returned over the net.

Volleyball does not require much equipment or space and can be played indoors or outdoors. A regulation court is smooth-surfaced and measures 29 feet 6 inches (9 meters) wide and 59 feet (18 meters) long. A center line divides the court into two separate sides, one for each team. Across the middle of the center line is a 39-inch- (99-centimeter-) wide net, the top of which is about 8 feet (2.4 meters) above the ground for men and 7.4 feet (2.2 meters) for women. The net height can be adjusted for young people and others who need a lower net.

A parallel line, sometimes called the attack line, is set 10 feet (3 meters) from the center line on each half of the court. The three back court players (those farthest from the net) have to start behind this line when jumping higher than the top of the net to spike the ball over the net. (A spike is a high-velocity offensive overhand hit that is aimed down.)

The serving area is traditionally about 10 feet (3 meters) long and is outside and behind the right one-third of each court end line. At the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia, the service area was extended to the full width of the court. The service must be made from within or behind this area.

The inflated, leather-covered ball is about 26 inches (66 centimeters) in circumference. It weighs between 9 and 10 ounces (260 and 280 grams).

Informally, any number of people can play volleyball. In competition each team consists of six players. Three players take the forward positions in a row close to and facing the net, and the other three play the back court. Play starts when the right back (the person on the right of the second row) of the serving team steps into the serving area to bat the ball over the net into the opponents’ half of the court. Serves are made underhand with a closed fist or overhand with an open hand.

Following the serve each team may hit the ball up to three times before sending it back over the net. Players may volley the ball with any part of the body above the waist as long as the ball is clearly hit and not held. There are three main ways to hit the ball: pass, set, and spike. In a pass, or bump, the player puts the hands together, extends the arms straight out from the body, and hits the ball with the forearms. In a set, or volley, the player extends bent arms above the head, lets the ball hit the tips of the fingers, and pushes the ball back into the air. In a spike, or kill, the player jumps up near the net, extends the arm with an open palm, and strikes through the ball.

Players may not touch the net or enter the opponent’s court area while the ball is in play. The ball must not touch the floor, and a player may not touch the ball twice in succession. An exception occurs when a player blocks a spike from an opponent and the ball remains on the blocker’s side of the net. The blocker can then hit the ball—becoming the first hit of the three allowed—before the ball reaches the floor.

The same player continues to serve until the team makes an error, commits a foul, or completes the game. Fouls include hitting the ball out of bounds, failing to return the ball, and contacting the ball more than three times before returning it. When the service changes, the receiving team becomes the serving team. The players rotate clockwise one position, with the person in the right forward position shifting to the right back position and then serving from the service area.

Either team, whether serving or receiving, can score. Points are awarded for successfully hitting the ball onto the opposing side’s half of the court, as well as when the opposing side commits errors or fouls. Only one point at a time is scored for a successful play. A game is won by the team that first scores 25 points, provided the winning team is ahead by 2 or more points. A team must win three out of five games (or two out of three games, depending on the competition level) to win a match. If the score is tied at two games to two games, a fifth game is needed to break the tie. In that game a team needs to score only 15 points and win by 2 points.

Beach volleyball is played on a sand court that is 26 feet (8 meters) wide and 53 feet (16 meters) long. Two players are on each team. There is no attack line, and the players can move freely on their side of the net to hit the ball. Beach volleyballs are lighter, softer, and bigger than those used for the indoor game. However, the net height is the same as in indoor volleyball.

Beach volleyball game play is the same as that in indoor volleyball. For example, each team may hit the ball three times before sending it over the net to the opponents. Errors and fouls are also the same. Beach volleyball matches are the best of three games. Each game is played to 21 points, and a team has to win by 2 points. If a third game is needed, it is played to 15 points (with a 2-point win margin).

William G. Morgan, physical education director of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Massachusetts, invented volleyball in 1895. He designed the game as an indoor sport for businessmen who found the new game of basketball too vigorous. Morgan called the sport “mintonette.” A professor from Springfield College in Massachusetts noted the volleying nature of play and proposed the name of “volleyball.” Morgan wrote the original rules, and they were printed in a YMCA handbook in 1897. Women and children in the United States soon began playing the game, too, and it was subsequently introduced to other countries.

In 1916 the YMCA and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) jointly issued the rules for volleyball. The first nationwide tournament in the United States took place in New York, New York, in 1922. The United States Volleyball Association (now known as USA Volleyball) was formed in 1928 and is the sport’s national governing body. The Fédération Internationale de Volley Ball (FIVB)—formed in 1947 and now located in Lausanne, Switzerland—oversees the sport internationally. Volleyball became an Olympic event for both men and women at the 1964 Games in Tokyo, Japan.

Beach volleyball was introduced in California in 1930. The first official beach volleyball tournament was held in 1948 at Will Rogers State Beach, in Santa Monica, California. The first FIVB-sanctioned world championship was held in 1986 at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Beach volleyball was added to the roster of the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta.