… Tandem Computers and Digital Equipment Corporation were very generous in their
support of Jim Gray’s efforts on this book. Thanks to all of you who kept us going, even kept us …

A transaction is a transformation of state which has the properties of atomicity (all or nothing),
durability (effects survive failures) and consistency (a correct transformation). The …

In database systems, users access shared data under the assumption that the data satisfies
certain consistency constraints. This paper defines the concepts of transaction, consistency …

ANSI SQL-92 [MS, ANSI] defines Isolation Levels in terms of phenomena: Dirty Reads, Non-Repeatable
Reads, and Phantoms. This paper shows that these phenomena and the ANSI …

Scientific instruments and computer simulations are creating vast data stores that require
new scientific methods to analyze and organize the data. Data volumes are approximately …

System R is a database management system which provides a high level relational data
interface. The systems provides a high level of data independence by isolating the end user as …

Update anywhere-anytime-anyway transactional replication has unstable behavior as the
workload scales up: a ten-fold increase in nodes and traffic gives a thousand fold increase in …

Data analysis applications typically aggregate data across manydimensions looking for
anomalies or unusual patterns. The SQL aggregatefunctions and the GROUP BY operator …

… JIM GRAY We have an embarrassment of riches in that we’re able to store more than we
can access. Capacities continue to double each year, while access times are improving at 10 …

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is an imaging and spectroscopic survey that will
eventually cover approximately one-quarter of the celestial sphere and collect spectra of≈ 10 6 …