Over the past 4 decades, numerous studies, including randomized clinical trials1, 2 and
registry data, 3 have reported remarkably consistent sex-based differences in clinical,
angiographic, and procedural characteristics as well as in outcomes across the spectrum of
ischemic heart disease. Women are older with a higher prevalence of risk factors and
comorbid disease, less prior myocardial infarction (MI), fewer revascularization procedures,
a higher incidence of heart failure despite preserved left ventricular systolic function, and …