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Title: A framework for mapping potential sustainability impact of digitalization solutions

Authors: Lövehagen, N 1

Institutions: 1 Ericsson Research, Stockholm, Sweden

Corresponding Author: Nina Lövehagen, Torshamnsgatan 21, 16483 Stockholm, Sweden,

nina.lovehagen@ericsson.com

Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data Availability Statement: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were

created or analyzed in this study.

Keywords: sustainability assessment, sustainability impact, digitalization, framework, ICT, key

value, societal impact, Industry 5.0

Abstract: There is an increased willingness to discuss and include sustainability thinking in

research and development (R&D) projects within the Information and Communication industry

sector. The interest in understanding the sustainability impact of digitalization has increased in

recent years. However, applying the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

during the technical development of different solutions is difficult as they can feel too complex

and on a too high level and therefore hard to grasp without thorough background in the

sustainability area. Therefore, a framework for a sustainability assessment resulting in potential

sustainability impacts was developed. The intention was both to widen the scope and

understanding of potential positive (gains) and negative (losses) impacts, and to provide a

surmountable entrance to applying sustainability-thinking more broadly in digitalization R&D

projects. The framework is divided into three main steps: i) identifying relevant impact areas

relating to an environmental or socio-economic dimension, ii) list potential gains and losses and

iii) estimate consequences of each gain and loss and evaluate whether the losses are mitigatable

or not. An example of applying the framework to a massive sensor network in a factory is

provided. The framework constitutes a first move to get a more holistic understanding of the

impact of technical solutions early on that allows for adjustments already in the R&D phase.

Abbreviations: GHG, greenhouse gas; ICT, information and communication technology; KPI,

key performance indicator; KVI, key value indicator; R&D, research and development; SDG,

sustainable development goal

1 INTRODUCTION

Sustainability is high on the global agenda and digitalization has the potential to drive the

development in a sustainable direction [1]. Although the term ‘sustainability’ is well defined, it

can be used with different meanings especially within the Information and Communication (ICT)

sector. Sustainability covers the triple-bottom-line aspects of environmental, social and economic

sustainability, based on the famous quote on “… meets the needs of the present without

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compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” from 1987 [2].

However, in the ICT sector ‘sustainability’ is sometimes used to only cover the environmental

sustainability, or even narrower the climate change impacts measured as greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions. It may also be even more specifically interpreted as energy performance relating to

the electricity use of networks and data centers during use stage. There are also examples of

using ‘sustainability’ relating to materials usage in oppose to energy performance.

Sustainability may also be associated with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) [3] covering aspects of the Human Rights [4] and the Planetary Boundaries [5]-[6]. The

SDGs are global goals, applicable for countries with defined targets to achieve these, and

indicators for how to measure the targets and thereby the sustainability development of the world

and on country level. Today many companies report their impact in relation to different SDGs on

a company-wide level, however further down into the companies the link to the SDGs in the

daily work might be less acknowledged.

Within the ICT industry key performance indicators (KPIs) have been used for long to measure

the technical performance of the networks. However extending the focus to sustainability

impacts have given rise to the need for another type of indicators, so called key value indicators

(KVIs), as discussed for instance within the EU’s Hexa-X project [7]-[10] and in a white paper

by 6GIA [11]. The term ‘key value’ imposes that there is a positive effect, a gain, or a value for

society from a sustainability point of view. However just as important is to follow up on the

negative effects, the losses.

Indicators of societal change on different levels from global, countries and especially for cities

have been published during the latest decades as discussed in [12] and most famous are the

SDGs [3]. There exist various indicators on various levels, and these can be both quantitative and

qualitative, objective and subjective. Furthermore, indicators can be used to measure both input,

output, outcome and impact [13] and these can be measured at different stages of a project and

deployment of new ICT solutions, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Impact track showing when it is possible to measure output, outcome and impact in

relation to the project phases.

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Choosing indicators of relevance for a specific ICT solution or use case is difficult, but any

evaluation needs to include the impact of the ICT solutions’ full life cycle footprint. International

Telecommunications Union (ITU) has published indicators related to ICT and sustainable

development of cities [14]-[16] which is used in the U4SSC project which lists 91 KPIs to assess

the achievement of sustainable development goals [17]. Also, the international standardization

organization ISO has also published city indicators [18]-[19].

However, even when the indicators to evaluate the impact are identified, there are several other

aspects to consider. ITU has published a standard on how to measure the enablement effect of an

ICT solution focusing on changes in greenhouse gas emissions [20]. Despite the narrower focus,

the overall methodology can be applied also in wider sustainability aspects. Hence, to measure

the induced effect there is a need for a clear scope, a reference case (measured baseline),

understanding of contextual changes and the impact of the footprint. Together this form the so-

called net second order effect. From a research and development (R&D) point of view the

indicators cannot be fully measured until after the deployment of the solution. Hence, to quantify

potential impacts of solutions still in a development phase, might not be sufficient as the

uncertainty would be very large. However, it can be valuable to qualitatively investigate

potential impacts and identify possible indicators early in the process to get an idea of future

impact and to enable the establishment of a thorough baseline. By measuring relevant indicators

for several year prior to the implementation of a new ICT solution any natural fluctuations could

be identified which facilitates the interpretation of results measured after the deployment of an

ICT solution. Moreover, by identifying indicators already during the development phase it might

be possible to detect activities or inputs that can influence in a positive direction.

The ultimate goal for the ICT sector from a sustainability perspective is to maximize the positive

and minimize the negative impacts in society including the environmental footprint of the ICT

solution itself. Some negative impacts can be minimized by mitigating the risk of occurrence, but

even when not possible to minimize the effects, at lease the potential negative effects are

acknowledged. There are standards developed by ITU on assessing the GHG emissions both

from ICT solutions (L.1410) [21] and the impact in other sectors (also referred to as the

enablement or induced effect) (L.1480) [20]. So far standards for a wider sustainability scope are

lacking, though the overall methodology presented can likely be applicable also for a wider

sustainability perspective.

The real societal impact from digitalization cannot be assessed until after the deployment of a

solution, though its potential impacts can be estimated already at an early stage. However, the

step from e.g. the SDGs to an R&D project developing technical solutions and specific ICT use

cases is huge. The SDGs can feel too complex and on a too high level and therefore hard to grasp

without thorough background in the sustainability area. Addressing this gap, a framework for a

sustainability assessment of ICT solutions that could be applied at an early stage of the

development was developed. The aim with the framework is to widen the perspective, looking

beyond the intended main gain of a solution and discover areas needing attention by pointing out

potential negative impacts that might be possible to mitigate, fully or somewhat, when giving

them attention already during the R&D phase. Hopefully, the framework provides a

surmountable entrance to applying sustainability-thinking more broadly in digitalization R&D

projects.

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In Methods (section 2) the development of the framework and the thoughts behind it is

described, while section 3 presents the framework and its pros and cons from applying it to

different use cases and industry sectors and an example from deploying sensor networks for

condition monitoring in manufacturing. Section 4 touches upon next steps and possibilities

before some concluding remarks in section 5. Note that the terminology for use cases,

applications, technical solutions differs within and between industries, however as the

framework is usable on various levels, these terms will be used in parallel hereafter.

2 METHODS

After trying to understand the current landscape, the framework was developed where the SDGs

[3], the Human Rights [4] and the Planetary Boundaries [5]-[6] as well as the so-called Donut

model [22]-[23] functioned as a basis to understand what areas to cover. These so-called impact

areas (not to be confused with impact categories within a life cycle assessment) were grouped to

be a starting point for assessing use cases providing ICT solutions to various industry sectors.

The impact areas are divided into two dimensions: Environmental and Socioeconomic. The

reason for combining social and economic sustainability into one socio-economic dimension is

that companies might find it difficult to separate what is economic sustainable for the company

(in the meaning long-lasting) to economically sustainable for society (driving global

sustainability).

The framework intents to capture both potential positive and negative impacts, in different

sectors, for individuals and society as well as the own environmental footprint. The term ‘gain’ is

used for positive impact, while ‘loss’ is used for negative. Other sources might use ‘potential’

and ‘risk’ meaning the same thing. However, as both potential and risk can imply a probability

there might be a confusion using those terms. For instance, introducing driverless vehicles will

reduce the number of human drivers, hence for drivers the work opportunities becomes lower,

hence a loss. If calling it a risk, it might be interpreted as it will not happen.

The framework was developed and tried within Ericsson Research in 2022 and applied on about

forty use cases belonging to different industry sectors (manufacturing, automotive, healthcare,

mining, power utility, railway, agriculture, public safety, and technical-oriented holographic

communication and digital airspace). This resulted in further improvements which lead to the

presented framework.

3 MAPPING POTENTIAL SUSTAINABILITY IMPACTS

The framework can be applied on technical solutions, specific use cases or applications of usage

as previously mentioned. If the use case is defined as a multi-purpose technical solution, e.g.,

digital twin, the framework will be difficult to use without specifying the intended used. Most, or

all, technical solutions today are eventually multi-purpose, therefore it is needed to consider

potential intended misuse of the technical solution to capture any potential losses that might be

possible to mitigate. A pre-step to the framework is the scoping, that means identifying what

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technical solution, use case or application to assess. In the scoping, it is also essential to reflect

whether this solution potentially can bring any so-called lock-in effects. A lock-in effect could

for instance be a use case where ICT optimization leads to a substantial reduction of emissions

short-term, but also to an extended use in time of a technology or fuel that needs to be phased

out. Hence, in the longer perspective this means staying with a high-emitting solution instead of

switching to a solution that is consistent with emission reductions in international climate

agreements.

The framework is divided into three steps: i) identifying relevant impact areas, ii) list potential

gains and losses and iii) estimate consequences of each gain and loss and evaluate whether the

losses are mitigatable or not. Figure 2 shows an overall flowchart of the framework.

Figure 2. Flowchart of the framework.

3.1 Framework

The impact areas used in the framework are divided into two dimensions: environmental and

socio-economic. The first step is to go through the list of impact areas and identify whether there

are possible gains or losses within the impact category, see Table 1. The impact areas are

supposed to cover all activities and needs in society both from a personal, societal, and planetary

point of view. In the appendix there are examples of sub-impact areas which can make it easier

to understand what is included in the different impact areas (see section 7).

Table 1. Framework impact areas

Environmental impact areas

Socio-economic impact areas

Emissions to air, water and soil Housing

Education

Freshwater

Connectivity

Work and income

Land use

Transport

Well-being and culture

Biodiversity

Energy

Democracy, peace and justice

Energy resources

Water & sanitation

Equality and inclusion

Material resources

Food

Privacy and integrity

Healthcare

Resilience

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When applying the framework, it might feel like some impact areas are overlapping, for instance

the health of a worker can be applied to either the ‘health’ or the ‘work and income’ impact area

depending on if seen in the context of the individual and its need for healthcare, or improved

working conditions. This is not seen as a major problem as long as all potential impacts can be

captured and the same impact is not double counted (especially important if using the framework

in prioritizing).

The second step is to identify potential gains and losses. There is often a main gain defined for a

project, use case or technical solution. For each identified relevant impact category potential

gains and losses should be listed. In this stage it also required to identify possible unintended use

or intended misuse and what potential gains and losses those could have. The potential losses are

then valued as mitigatable, unmitigable or if it is related to the environmental footprint. A

‘mitigatable loss’ means that it is something that can be addressed in the R&D phase. Thereby

the risk for the loss to occur will be reduced. It can for instance be the increased risk for

unintended surveillance which can be mitigated by blurring faces or aggregate data in an early

stage so that risk for leakage of personal data is minimized. Though, even if addressed in terms

of privacy intrusion or cyber security threats there will always remain a risk despite mitigated as

far as possible. An ‘unmitigable loss’ can be the jobs lost for drivers if evaluating a solution with

driverless vehicles. Losses related to the environmental footprint can always be addressed in the

development phase of a project by e.g. focusing on decreasing lifetime energy and material usage

or improving the recyclability of materials.

The third step, after listing possible gains and losses for the use case/s and identified misuse

cases the consequences should be estimated. This consequence estimation is a self-assessment

preferably made by a team including subject matter experts and the results can also be checked

with sustainability experts. For each identified gain and loss, a consequence level is subjectively

selected using a five-graded scale (low-1 to high-5). The selected value/number will mainly give

an indication of impact compared to other impacts for the evaluated solution/use case. However,

the consequence estimation levels can be summarized for different use cases and make it

possible to understand their different impacts. The following questions can help in setting a

consequence level: Is the impact large or small? Will it impact many people? What is the

probability of the impact to happen? What is the scalability of the solution? Addressable impact?

What is the time perspective? What role does ICT have (all impacts, boosting a change,

enabler)? How severe would a misuse case be for society, for individuals? Would it be difficult

to put things right again? All this is weighted together into one digit for each gain or loss. By

using numbers, it is easier to compare losses vs gains.

3.2 Applicability

Evaluations of potential gains and losses from the use of ICT will always come with large

uncertainties, but it is good to start addressing the topic already in a technical development. The

main intention with this framework is to widen the view from the main gain expected of use

cases/technical solutions to also see other potential impacts from the evaluated ICT solution,

including potential mis-use cases. A few conclusions of the usability of the framework and its

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results could be drawn from applying the framework to various use cases in a few different

research teams.

Firstly, technical use cases that have several possible applications in society lead to gains and

losses in many different sustainability impact areas. The context in which the ICT solution will

be used need to be specified both for use cases and potential misuse cases. For instance, trying to

evaluate a digital twin without specifying of what it is a digital twin, will not be very

informative. However, a digital twin of a water system in a city can be evaluated.

Secondly, the outcome will depend on the competence and previous experience of the team

performing the assessment. Therefore, there is little point in showing actual consequence level

digits outside the assessment team, but rather have a bullet list of gains and losses ordered in

groups of lower to higher potential impact. If the same team performs an assessment of several

different use cases a comparison between those might be relevant as the likelihood to cover

similar aspects is higher. It is generally more likely that gains are listed rather than losses when

the developer themselves evaluates their own solution. A sanity check of the self-assessment

with a sustainability expert or people with previous experience of this type of sustainability

assessment is often needed, especially if the evaluation team has little previous experience of

sustainability.

Thirdly, if the results should be used to prioritize or compare different use cases, it is important

to cover the same level of potential impact and own footprint. The results from different teams

need to be harmonized, as it is easy to both over- and underestimate the impact depending on

previous knowledge and cultural background.

At this point, the discussions and reflections on a broader perspective was found more valuable

than the set consequence levels. Evaluating different usages including possible mis-usages can

give valuable insights of mitigatable losses and the environmental footprint, which can be

included in future development. In an R&D phase of technical solutions it can be difficult to

estimate different impacts, but analyzing potential gains and losses in an early phase will

decrease the risk of unexpected, unwanted, impacts in the future. However, quantifying the

impacts early in a process is even more difficult and will include huge uncertainties, especially

when looking into the future as there are so many parameters that will impact in parallel.

Complexities related to assessing the environmental effects from ICT services are discussed

further in [24]-[25]. Assessing sustainability impacts is a delicate task, but as long as the

documentation is clear on data and assumptions used to make estimations and qualified guesses

of future impacts, it can be a feasible tool.

3.3 Example: manufacturing monitoring

Within the manufacturing industry the concept of Industry 5.0 have been introduced, e.g. [26],

which identifies human-centricity, environmental sustainability, and resilience as three pillars of

focus in future development of manufacturing industries. These pillars aligns well with the wide

sustainability perspective applied in the framework.

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By introducing a large number of condition-monitoring sensors in a factory, it is possible to

gather specific data that can be used to optimize both the workstream but also working

environment conditions (temperature, air quality, etc.). As an example, Table 2 shows the result

from applying the framework on this massive sensor network deployed across the factory floor,

hence a multi-purpose sensor network that can be part of several different manufacturing

monitoring use cases.

Table 2. Result from manufacturing monitoring example

Relevant impact

category

Potential gains and losses

Estimated

consequence

Socio-economic dimension

Energy

Gain: Condition monitoring of the energy consumption

in a factory should improve the reliability of the energy

system in the area

Medium/high (4)

Health and healthcare Gain: Condition monitoring of leakages, radiation etc.

from the factory to surrounding areas

Low/medium (2)

Work and income

Gain: Prevent physical safety issues, promote safe and

secure working environments

Medium/high (4)

Loss: if system is hacked and false information inserted

may impact the physical safety at a workplace

Medium (-3)

(mitigatable)

Privacy and integrity Loss: Risk of massive unintended surveillance

Low/medium (-2)

(mitigatable)

Resilience

Gain: Condition-monitoring systems to warn for

disasters (earthquakes, etc.), too keep e.g. chemicals in

a factory safe.

High (5)

Gain: Condition monitoring to strengthen resilience and

adaptive capacity in/for factory plants.

High (5)

Loss: if hacking the system inserting false information

etc. can lead to less resilience

Medium (-3)

(mitigatable)

Environmental dimension

Emissions to air,

water and soil

Gain: Condition monitoring of emissions, chemicals,

etc. in factories (many different systems possible).

High (5)

Loss: if hacking the system inserting false information

etc. can lead to increased emissions

High (-5)

(mitigatable)

Loss (footprint): probably high number of sensors (incl.

batteries) needed which can lead to emissions during

their lifetime.

High (-5)

(footprint)

Freshwater

Gain: Condition-monitoring systems to monitor

freshwater usage etc. in factory can optimize water

usage

High (5)

Energy

Gain: information can be used for optimization leading

to less energy usage

Medium-high (4)

Loss (footprint): probably high number of sensors

needed.

Low-medium (-2)

(footprint)

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Loss: if hacking the system inserting false information

etc. more energy can be used

Medium (-3)

(mitigatable)

Material

Gain: information can be used for optimization leading

to less material usage

Medium-high (4)

Loss (footprint): probably high number of sensors

needed, including production of high number of sensors

and need for resources of batteries etc.

High (-5)

(footprint)

For this example, the losses identified are related to the environmental footprint or to privacy

intrusion and an increased risk for cyber-attacks. These latter are considered mitigatable, as it is

possible to address them considering different solutions in the design of the system, hence the

risk can be mitigated. It might be that losses are not mitigatable with today’s technology, but

maybe in the future if addressed. Though, some risk will always remain. The losses related to the

environmental footprint are especially regarding the unknown number of sensors needed and

their total lifecycle environmental impact. The impact of the footprint can be decreased by

choice of materials, energy performance and a focus on reusability and recycling. Several gains

related to monitoring and collecting data possible to use in optimization and maintenance, but

also for warning systems and creating a safer and more convenient working environment.

4 NEXT STEPS

The presented framework is a primary step to get sustainability into the R&D project phase. To

improve its usability, a guideline could be developed that provide support and further

explanations on what consequence levels that is reasonable for different use cases and

applications. However, to make such a guideline, further use of the framework is needed as

results from many different applications are needed to find a common level by comparing the

results.

For an R&D project there are several potential ways to continue the sustainability-related work

after the mapping of potential impacts: (i) include the findings of mitigatable losses into the

project and end-to-end environmental footprint of the solution to investigate solutions for

minimizing these impacts, (ii) focus on possible drivers and barriers for maximizing the gains

and minimizing the losses and identify the need to develop additional solutions for mitigation of

losses, (iii) investigate possible indicators that could be used to follow-up on the impacts.

Within the R&D phase, the obvious continuation is to focus on the potential mitigatable losses

identified, or to minimize the environmental footprint of the solution by optimizing energy use or

through material choices. These insights might also lead to new research questions. It is

important to remain the end-to-end view in order not to suboptimize one part and thus only move

where in the value chain the environmental impacts occurs. A broader focus could be on

identifying both drivers and barriers for the solution to maximize gains and minimize losses.

Drivers and barriers on individual and societal levels will influence the actual use of the ICT

solution, time to full utilization and thereby what impacts the solution will have on

environmental and socioeconomic activities as discussed in [12]. Such drivers and barriers often

lies outside the control of the solution provider, but by identifying them it is easier to impact

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them. Identifying relevant indicators capturing the potential gains and losses is a further step.

Indicators in [14]-[19] can be a good starting point when defining relevant indicators to measure

the impact of an ICT solution or digitalization. Early identification of indictors can also help

establishing a baseline for future impact assessments using measured data.

5 CONCLUDING REMARKS

There is an increased willingness to discuss and include sustainability thinking in R&D projects.

The framework presented includes the first steps towards a methodology for understanding the

potential impact of ICT solutions. Though there is still a fairly long way to go in methodology

development. Further research and trials are needed to understand how to identify and act upon

drivers and barriers, how to use indicators and how to follow up the sustainable development

enabled by digitalization and various ICT solutions. Transparency of methodologies used in

calculations, boundaries, data and indicators used to evaluate different levels (output, outcome or

impact) is essential. Sharing the best practices and learn for each other will help industries to

maximize the positive impacts and minimize the negative including the environmental footprint

and thereby drive a sustainable development.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to all colleagues within Ericsson Research and other parts of Ericsson for the valuable

discussions when applying the framework in their projects. A special thank you to Leefke

Grosjean.

FUNDING INFORMATION

No external funding.

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7 APPENDIX

Table A.1 Impact areas and examples of subareas

Impact area

Subareas (examples)

Socio-economic dimension

Housing

Access to adequate, safe and affordable housing with basic services

Increase the resilience of houses

Warning systems for disasters

Connectivity

Access to affordable, high quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient ICT

Transport

Access to safe, affordable accessible and sustainable people transport systems

for all

Freight transport systems

Number of road accidents

Energy

Access to affordable and clean energy

Reliability of energy/electricity systems

Upgrade of technology for supplying modern, sustainable energy systems

Water &

sanitation

Access to safe and affordable drinking water

Water quality

Water-use efficiency

Integrated water resource management

Access to sanitation and sewage systems

Food

Access to healthy food for all

Agriculture productivity, or knowledge-sharing

Sustainable food production systems (e.g. functioning food commodity

markets, facilitate timely access to market information including on food

reserves)

Resilience in food production

Change in or protection of sustainable agriculture, sustainable fishing, etc.

Promotion of healthy eating habits

Food waste and losses

Education

Access to education for children (regardless of gender)

Access to continued life-long education (regardless of gender, age, education

level)

Literacy and numeracy skills for all

ICT skills

Amount of connected schools

Access to affordable education

Promotion of life-long learning

Health and

healthcare

Access to quality healthcare services

Deaths related to hazardous chemicals, emissions to air, water and soil

Capacity for early warning, risk reduction of global health risks

Mortality – all ages

Prevention of spread of diseases (e.g. monitoring epidemics)

Family planning

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Work & income Unemployment, employment

Prevention of physical safety issues

Promotion of safe and secure working environments

Facilitation of reskilling and upskilling possibilities

Inclusion at workplaces (gender, age, disabilities, etc.)

Promotion of decent work hours,

Protection of labor rights (end modern slavery)

Access to financial services, insurance, banking

Access to affordable credits

Promotion of inclusive and sustainable industrialization

Well-being &

culture

Improved rights to practice one’s culture

Protect cultural heritages/culture

Access to green public spaces (safe, inclusive and accessible for all)

Involuntary loneliness

Democracy,

peace & justice

Democracy

Participation in elections

Access to information

Transparent institutions

Violence in society

Abuse of any kind

Freedom of expression

Equal treatment in society

Freedom to movement

Equality &

inclusion

Equal opportunities, payments

Migration and mobility of people

Social, economic and political inclusion of all

Inclusion in process (often lead to better acceptance of change)

Reduce any gender inequalities

Privacy and

integrity

Balance between transparency/traceability and privacy

Risk for privacy intrusion

Resilience

Resilience and adaptive capacity

Early warning systems

Knowledge/education on climate change etc.

Environmental dimension

Emissions to

water, air and

soil

Emissions of:

GHGs (CO2, CH4, water vapour, N2O, O3)

Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P)

chemicals

PM (particulate matter, soot)

SOx , NOx

CFCs, HCFCs, halons etc.

Other

Freshwater

Use of freshwater

Protection of water resources

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Land use

Land footprint

Biodiversity

Water-related ecosystems (both freshwater, sea, ice)

Protection of forests, cryosphere, etc.

Protection of animals (overfishing, over exploration, illegal hunting, and

trading of animals)

Protection of plants and take actions against invasive species

Energy

resources

Overall energy use

Energy efficiency in vertical

The share of renewables in the global energy mix (electricity as well as fuels

and other energy)

Rationalization of inefficient subsidies

Material

resources

Resource efficiency in consumption or production

Use of metals, plastics, nitrogen, phosphorus, chemicals

Amount of waste and loss

Circularity (facilitate reuse, repair, recycle)

Changing attitude to sustainable consumption

Upgrade of infrastructure or retrofit of industries (make sustainable, with

increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and

environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes)

Prolonging lifetime of products

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