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Environmental requirements for textile preservation are similar to those for paintings on paper, but neglect of textiles can in general cause more damage. Fading is a serious problem, but light also weakens the fibres of the material, especially silk. Gaseous air pollution is harmful, and soiling from airborne grime leads to the need for washing, which is best avoided. Where washing is necessary, nonionic detergent formulations are used but never ordinary commercial detergents; dry cleaning with selected solvents may be substituted in particular cases. Handling and storage of fragile textiles require special care: loose wrapping with acid-free tissue paper; storage containers ventilated to avoid local humidity buildup; folding with sharp edges avoided; for tapestries, rolling with weft (design weave) along the axis; and so forth. New acquisitions and stored material require inspection for insect infestation. The feasibility of insect poisons and repellents in textile preservation remains uncertain.
Restoration of valuable textiles, generally by means of skilled needlework, does not normally involve the replacement of worn or decayed materials. When this has to be done for structural reasons, informed judgment is required. When a material is so decayed that it cannot be reinforced by stitching it to a backing material, it may require an adhesive bond. After decades of discussion over the use of synthetics, research now points to hydrolyzed starch (an old Japanese recipe) as a solution or, when the use of water is inadvisable, methylcellulose in an organic solvent.
Norman Spencer Brommelle