During the American Revolution the state’s arms and other manufacturing industries contributed greatly to the war effort, earning Connecticut the nickname “Provisions State.” Western Connecticut, settled earlier than the east, was much more loyalist in sentiment, but the growing eastern region dominated colony politics at the outbreak of hostilities. In 1775 several thousand militiamen from Connecticut joined in the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Governor Jonathan Trumbull, Ethan Allen, Israel Putnam, and many others played key roles in the war. Connecticut was not occupied by British armies as were its neighbouring states but did experience several British raids. The harshest of these was against Fort Griswold in New London in 1781; patriot-turned-traitor Benedict Arnold of Norwich led the assault, and some 80 patriot defenders were massacred following their surrender in the aftermath of a fierce battle. The young Nathan Hale of Coventry had responded to General George Washington’s call for a volunteer to spy on the enemy; caught and hanged by the British in September 1776, he later became the official state hero of Connecticut.

In 1787 the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia was on the verge of collapse when Roger Sherman of New Haven and Oliver Ellsworth of Windsor offered the Connecticut (or Great) Compromise, which served the interests of both large and small states by suggesting a bicameral legislature with one house based on population and the other on equal state representation. As the country began to expand westward in the postwar period, settlers from Connecticut with claims in the Midwest were among the first to move into an area that became known as the Western Reserve (now northeastern Ohio).

(Read John Kennedy’s Britannica entry on Oliver Ellsworth.)

Political, economic, and social maturation

The political development of the colony began with the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1638), a civil covenant by the settlers establishing the system by which the river towns of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield agreed to govern themselves. The orders created an annual assembly of legislators and provided for the election of a governor. Separate New Haven Colony had its Fundamental Laws. Both these original sets of laws were superseded by the royal charter of 1662, a liberal document that combined the Connecticut and New Haven colonies and provided for virtual self-government in the colony by “freemen.” It served Connecticut well until it was replaced by the state constitution adopted in 1818, a document that after being amended many times was replaced by a new constitution in 1965, reflecting the more complex needs of contemporary government. The constitution of 1818 disestablished the Congregational church, which had been the officially sanctioned church of Connecticut since its days as a colony. That constitution also established the separation of powers.

Connecticut remained an agricultural region of farms with a few small urban areas—Hartford, New Haven, New London, and Middletown—until the early 19th century. The state economy began to change after 1800, however, when textile factories were established, and, by 1850, employees in manufacturing outnumbered those in agriculture. The shift to manufacturing had been aided by the inventive genius of a number of Connecticut residents. Eli Whitney, well known for his invention of the cotton gin in 1794, developed the idea of machine-made parts for guns. An order for muskets from the federal government enabled him to build a musket factory in Hamden. The principle of interchangeable parts, adapted to clock manufacturing by Eli Terry of Plymouth in 1802, rapidly became basic to all manufacturing.

The economic, social, and political innovations that emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries were often resisted at first, but eventually they were accepted. Slavery was first attacked by legislation in 1784; although abolitionist sentiment was strong in Connecticut, it was not universal, and slavery was not abolished completely in the state until 1848. In the early 1830s Prudence Crandall attempted to transform her finishing school in Canterbury into a school for black girls, but opposition was fierce, and the effort was soon abandoned. The trial in New Haven of African slaves involved in the 1839 Amistad mutiny gripped Connecticut and the country; a bronze memorial to Joseph Cinque, the leader of the slave revolt, now stands in front of New Haven’s city hall. The constitution of 1818 granted suffrage to men with certain property qualifications, but women’s suffrage came only through the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.

More than 50,000 Connecticut troops fought in the American Civil War, and nearly half were killed, wounded, or captured. Connecticut was a major supplier of war matériel to the Union cause, and war provisioners such as Colt and Winchester became famous for their firearms. Throughout most of the 20th century Connecticut was a leader in armament manufacture. The state’s concentration of defense contractors and small-arms makers contributed significantly to the country’s efforts in World Wars I and II and the Korean and Vietnam wars. The end of the Cold War in the late 1980s and early ’90s was accompanied by a significant decline in government defense spending. Connecticut responded by boosting export sales and pioneering legislation to help diversify the economy.

While Connecticut has a healthy two-party system, Democrats have tended to dominate state politics since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Governors Wilbur Cross, Chester Bowles, Abraham Ribicoff, and John Dempsey all presided over periods of unprecedented economic development, school construction, civil rights activity, and increased health and social services. In 1974 Ella Grasso became the first woman in any state elected in her own right to the office of governor. The political climate changed in the 1990s with a move toward centrism and the election of politically independent officials. Lowell Weicker, Jr., a former Republican U.S. senator, won the 1990 gubernatorial election as an independent. He was followed in that office by several Republicans, who retained the governorship into the early 21st century.