Myanmar: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
Assorted References
- beginnings and first ruler
- In Anawrahta
- education
- flag history
- opium production
- population and demography
agriculture
- mangoes
- In mango
arts
- jewelry
- metalwork
government
- multiethnic politics
language
- Burmese language
- Shan language
- Tai languages
natural resources
- gemstones
- In jade
- In jadeite
- In Shan Plateau
- teak
- In teak
physical geography
- Andaman Sea
- In Andaman Sea
- Irrawaddy River
- savannas
- In savanna
- tropical forests
religion
Buddhism
- “Abhidhamma Pitaka”
- mythology
- reform
Additional Reading
Geography
Frederica M. Bunge (ed.), Burma: A Country Study, 3rd ed. (1983), is an overview of the country prior to the coup of 1988. Many of the English-language works on Myanmar’s geography were produced by the British during the colonial period. Among these are the still invaluable Burma Gazetteer, 30 vol. (1868–1935), with detailed surveys of different administrative districts; The British Burma Gazetteer, 2 vol. (1879–80, reprinted as Gazetteer of Burma, 1987); J. George Scott and J.P. Hardiman (compilers), Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, 3 vol. in 5 (1900–01, reprinted 2 vol. in 5, 1983); and H.L. Chhibber, The Physiography of Burma (1933, reprinted 1975). Michael Aung-Thwin, Irrigation in the Heartland of Burma (1990), examines the productive capacity and geography of precolonial Myanmar. Agriculture is detailed in M.Y. Nuttonson, The Physical Environment and Agriculture of Burma (1963), a brief technical study; Cheng Siok-Hwa, The Rice Industry of Burma, 1852–1940 (1968), one of the few substantial studies in English covering the topic during that period; and U Khin Win, A Century of Rice Improvement in Burma (1991), a more-recent study.
History
Studies of the pre-Pagan and Pagan periods include G.H. Luce, Phases of Pre-Pagán Burma, 2 vol. (1985), which explores the 9th century in detail; Aung Thaw, Historical Sites in Burma (1972), a study of the pre-Pagan period; G.H. Luce et al., Old Burma—Early Pagán, 3 vol. (1969–70), which remains a classic study of this kingdom; and Michael Aung-Thwin, Pagan: The Origins of Modern Burma (1985), an assessment of the kingdom’s institutional history. Victor B. Lieberman, Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580–1760 (1984), analyzes the Toungoo dynasty; and William J. Koenig, The Burmese Polity, 1752–1819 (1990), is an examination of the early period of the last Myanmar dynasty. Analyses of colonial conflicts include Oliver B. Pollak, Empires in Collision: Anglo-Burmese Relations in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (1979), which treats British policy and its effects on later colonization; and Dorothy Woodman, The Making of Burma (1962), which reveals theretofore secret British decisions in the colonization of Burma. Michael Adas, The Burma Delta: Economic Development and Social Change on an Asian Rice Frontier, 1852–1941 (1974), traces the agricultural development of this area and its significance in modern history. John F. Cady, A History of Modern Burma (1958, reissued 1965), is a landmark text on the early years of the present-day country. Josef Silverstein, Burmese Politics: The Dilemma of National Unity (1980), offers a Western perspective on Burmese politics prior to the coup of 1988. More-recent political studies include Robert H. Taylor, The State in Myanmar, new ed. (2008); David I. Steinberg, Burma: A Socialist Nation of Southeast Asia (1982); and Martin Smith, Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity, rev. and updated ed. (1999).
David I. SteinbergArticle Contributors
Primary Contributors
- Michael Arthur Aung-Thwin
- Maung Htin Aung
- David I. Steinberg
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
---|---|---|---|
Updated article with events up to April 2024. | Apr 29, 2024 | ||
Links added. | Sep 08, 2023 | ||
Links added. | Aug 11, 2023 | ||
Links added. | Jul 19, 2023 | ||
Country Profile: Updated Head of state and government. | Feb 09, 2023 | ||
Country Profile: Added a cross-reference to Head of government. | Jan 26, 2023 | ||
Modified link of Web site: Council on Foreign Relations - Myanmars Troubled History: Coups, Military Rule, and Ethnic Conflict. | Jan 02, 2023 | ||
Country Profile: Updated Head of state and Head of government and revised footnote. | Aug 06, 2021 | ||
Corrected display issue. | Feb 12, 2021 | ||
In the History and Government and society sections, updated with the military seizure of power in February 2021. | Feb 10, 2021 | ||
Country Profile: Updated form of government, head of state and government, and footnotes. | Feb 04, 2021 | ||
Add new Web site: Interesting Facts for Kids - Interesting Myanmar Facts. | Dec 08, 2020 | ||
Add new Web site: CNN World - Myanmar Fast Facts. | Dec 26, 2018 | ||
Add new Web site: Council on Foreign Relations - Myanmars Troubled History: Coups, Military Rule, and Ethnic Conflict. | Aug 23, 2018 | ||
Country Profile: Expanded country profile. | Jun 14, 2018 | ||
In History section, added media. | Apr 16, 2018 | ||
Country Profile: Updated head of state and government. | Apr 02, 2018 | ||
In History section, updated with resignation of Htin Kyaw from the presidency and the legislature's election of Win Myint to succeed him. Also updated with developments in peace initiatives and the situation with the Rohingya people in Rakhine state. | Apr 02, 2018 | ||
Country Profile: Updated the head of state and government. | Mar 22, 2018 | ||
Add new Web site: globalEDGE - Burma. | Mar 12, 2018 | ||
Add new Web site: Canadian Friends of Burma - History Of Burma. | Jan 11, 2018 | ||
In People section, added data chart. | Jun 22, 2017 | ||
Added locator map to the Introduction. | Jun 22, 2017 | ||
Media added. | Jun 22, 2017 | ||
In Economy section, added data chart. | Jun 22, 2017 | ||
In History section, mentioned inauguration of Htin Kyaw. | Apr 07, 2016 | ||
In History section, mentioned government posts held by Aung San Suu Kyi and the creation of the state counselor position. | Apr 07, 2016 | ||
Country Profile: Revised footnotes. | Mar 30, 2016 | ||
Country Profile: Updated the head of state and government. | Mar 30, 2016 | ||
In History section, updated with results of the March 2016 presidential election. | Mar 15, 2016 | ||
History section updated to indicate that the National League for Democracy won the November 2015 parliamentary elections. | Nov 13, 2015 | ||
History section updated mainly to add information on the November 2015 parliamentary elections. | Nov 09, 2015 | ||
Deleted photograph. | Jun 18, 2014 | ||
Add new Web site: Iloveindia.com - Myanmar. | Jan 04, 2013 | ||
Add new Web site: Maps of World - Myanmar. | Jan 04, 2013 | ||
Information updated on events in Myanmar after the April 2012 elections and on efforts at economic reform in the country. | Apr 10, 2012 | ||
Country Profile: Country Profile: Revised date the constitution took effect to Jan. 31, 2011. | Apr 05, 2012 | ||
Discussion of events in 2011 updated, and information added on the April 2012 parliamentary elections. | Apr 02, 2012 | ||
Country Profile: Changed form of government, as well as head of state and government and official religion. | Feb 23, 2012 | ||
Country Profile: Added name of head of state and government, along with urban-rural, life expectancy, literacy, and GNI per capita statistics. | Feb 23, 2012 | ||
Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - Myanmar / Burma - Introduction. | Dec 14, 2011 | ||
Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - Achene. | Sep 01, 2011 | ||
Add new Web site: Lonely Planet - Myanmar. | Aug 11, 2011 | ||
Country Profile: Changed Official name; Form of government; Head of state and government; Capital; Official language. | May 17, 2011 | ||
History section updated to include information on the 2011 constitution and new government. | May 03, 2011 | ||
Administration section updated to include information on the 2011 constitution and new government. | May 03, 2011 | ||
Country Profile: Changed Official name; Form of government; Capital. | Feb 01, 2011 | ||
National anthem added. | Dec 21, 2010 | ||
Spelling of Naypyidaw changed to Nay Pyi Taw. | Nov 22, 2010 | ||
History section updated to mention Aung San Suu Kyi's release from house arrest. | Nov 15, 2010 | ||
History section updated to add mention of the 2010 parliamentary elections. | Nov 09, 2010 | ||
Add new Web site: The Catholic Encyclopedia - Burma, Asia. | Aug 18, 2010 | ||
Updated geologic time data. | May 17, 2010 | ||
History section updated and revised to reflect events in Myanmar related to the approval of the 2008 constitution. | Mar 16, 2010 | ||
Discussion of the Administrative framework section revised and updated to add mention of the approval of the 2008 constitution. | Mar 16, 2010 | ||
Alternate spelling "Nay Pyi Taw" added parenthetically after "Naypyidaw." | Mar 12, 2010 | ||
Population density map added. | Mar 01, 2010 | ||
Country Profile: Updated area and population figures. | Feb 16, 2010 | ||
Country Profile: Updated Capital. | Oct 20, 2009 | ||
Added new Web site: National Geographic - Travel and Cultures - Myanmar (Burma). | Apr 21, 2009 | ||
Article revised and updated. | Jul 22, 2008 | ||
Bibliography revised. | Jul 18, 2008 | ||
Article revised and updated. | Jul 18, 2008 | ||
Article thoroughly revised. | Jul 18, 2008 | ||
History updated. | May 12, 2008 | ||
Added new Web site: Indianetzone - Naga Tribe , Assam. | Dec 11, 2007 | ||
Article revised and updated. | Apr 04, 2007 | ||
Added new Web site: Northern Illinois University - The Language, Literature and Culture of the Union of Myanmar (Burma). | Dec 21, 2006 | ||
Added new Web site: Library of Congress - Burma - Selected Internet Resources. | Aug 08, 2006 | ||
Added new Web site: Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Burma. | Jul 26, 2006 | ||
Added new Web site: Travel Asia - Myanmar. | May 25, 2006 | ||
Article revised. | Jun 16, 2005 | ||
Article revised. | May 31, 2002 | ||
Article added to new online database. | Jul 26, 1999 |