What are the current trends and innovations in silvopastoral systems research and development?

1 Tree selection

One of the key aspects of silvopastoral systems is choosing the right tree species and varieties that suit the local conditions, the animal needs, and the farmer goals. Some of the factors to consider are the growth rate, the canopy shape, the fodder quality, the resistance to pests and diseases, and the market potential of the tree products. Researchers are developing tools and methods to help farmers select and evaluate the best trees for their silvopastoral systems, such as online databases, participatory breeding, and genetic improvement.

2 Soil health

Silvopastoral systems can improve soil health by increasing organic matter, water retention, nutrient cycling, and biological activity. However, they also require careful management to avoid soil compaction, nutrient leaching, and weed invasion. Researchers are exploring ways to optimize soil health in silvopastoral systems, such as monitoring soil indicators, applying organic amendments, intercropping legumes, and implementing rotational grazing.

3 Animal welfare

Silvopastoral systems can enhance animal welfare by providing shade, shelter, fodder, and diversity. However, they also pose some risks, such as toxic plants, parasites, and predators. Researchers are investigating how to improve animal welfare in silvopastoral systems, such as identifying and removing toxic plants, controlling parasites with natural methods, and designing tree layouts and fences to protect animals from predators.

4 Carbon sequestration

Silvopastoral systems can contribute to climate change mitigation by sequestering carbon in trees and soil. However, they also emit greenhouse gases from livestock and manure. Researchers are measuring and modeling the carbon balance of silvopastoral systems, as well as identifying and testing practices that can reduce emissions and increase sequestration, such as selecting low-emitting breeds, managing manure, and planting high-density trees.

5 Economic viability

Silvopastoral systems can increase economic viability by diversifying income sources, reducing inputs, and enhancing resilience. However, they also entail high initial costs, long-term returns, and uncertain markets. Researchers are analyzing and comparing the costs and benefits of silvopastoral systems, as well as developing and promoting incentives and policies that can support their adoption and profitability, such as payments for ecosystem services, certification schemes, and extension services.

6 Social acceptance

Silvopastoral systems can improve social acceptance by creating jobs, improving livelihoods, and conserving culture. However, they also face social barriers, such as lack of knowledge, skills, and resources, as well as resistance to change and innovation. Researchers are engaging and empowering farmers and stakeholders to participate in silvopastoral systems research and development, as well as disseminating and demonstrating their advantages and opportunities, such as through farmer-to-farmer networks, field days, and media campaigns.

7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?