Leverage is the use of debt to finance a deal, such as a merger, acquisition, or buyout. It can increase the potential return on equity, but also the risk of default and bankruptcy. How can you decide how much leverage to use in a deal? Here are some factors to consider.
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The first factor is the nature of the business you are dealing with. Some businesses are more stable and predictable than others, and can support higher levels of debt. For example, a utility company with steady cash flows and low growth prospects can afford more leverage than a biotech startup with uncertain revenues and high R&D costs. You should also look at the industry norms and benchmarks for leverage ratios, such as debt-to-equity or debt-to-EBITDA, to see how your target or acquirer compares to its peers.
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To determine leverage for a deal, analyze financial metrics like debt ratios and cash flow projections. Consider industry standards and market conditions for insight. Balance leverage benefits with risks like higher interest expenses. Consult financial experts or use modeling tools for informed decisions. Regularly monitor and adjust leverage to adapt to market dynamics and ensure sustainability.
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Primeiramente, precisamos entender em que fase o negócio se encontra, se já é uma empresa com operações estáveis, se está iniciando ou se o negócio está passível de expansão. Alinhado a isso, deve-se entender as métricas do próprio negócio, como seu WACC, a situação patrimonial, o fluxo de caixa gerado por atividades operacionais e não operacionais, e além disso, o valor de firma. Com essas informações, podemos entender e determinar uma melhor forma de performar uma alavancagem sem riscos.
The second factor is the type and terms of the deal you are pursuing. Different deal structures have different implications for leverage. For example, a leveraged buyout (LBO) typically involves a high level of debt, often secured by the assets and cash flows of the target company. A merger or acquisition (M&A) may involve a mix of debt and equity, depending on the relative valuations and synergies of the parties involved. A recapitalization or refinancing may involve replacing existing debt with new debt, either to lower the interest rate or to extend the maturity. You should also consider the covenants, interest rates, and amortization schedules of the debt you are taking on, as they affect your ability to service it and your flexibility to pursue other opportunities.
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O tipo de negócio influencia diretamente na forma com o como iremos performar a alavancagem. Se por exemplo for uma startup, saiba que o nível de alavancagem tradicionalmente é extremo, pois o negócio precisa provar seu valor num curtíssimo espaço de tempo, então requer muito investimento. Uma unidade fabril em expansão por outro lado, já possui o fator oportunidade, neste caso verifica-se a rentabilidade interna do negócio e se as instituições financeiras estiverem ofertando tarifas menores, a alavancagem tende a esse lado, (empréstimos, emissão de debentures). No caso do M&A, deve-se considerar a dívida, patrimônio e estoques da cindida, além disso, quanto pagaremos de goodwill e se é interessante.
The third factor is the state of the financial markets and the economy. The availability and cost of debt depend on the supply and demand of lenders and borrowers, as well as the macroeconomic environment. When the markets are bullish and the economy is growing, debt is usually cheaper and easier to obtain, and investors are more willing to take on risk. When the markets are bearish and the economy is slowing, debt is usually more expensive and harder to access, and investors are more cautious and risk-averse. You should also monitor the credit ratings and market sentiments of your target or acquirer, as they influence your borrowing capacity and cost of capital.
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Verificar o que está acontecendo mundo a fora é um passo interessante a ser dado em qualquer alavancagem que estejamos querendo fazer. uma vez que o mercado é muito multidisciplinar e muda constantemente, deve se levar em consideração estudos de viabilidade econômica e se é o momento propício para o tal.
The fourth factor is your long-term vision and objectives for the deal. Leverage can be a powerful tool to enhance your returns, but it can also limit your options and expose you to more volatility. You should have a clear idea of why you are using leverage and what you hope to achieve with it. For example, are you using leverage to boost your earnings per share, to create tax shields, to deter hostile takeovers, or to fund growth opportunities? How will you use the excess cash flows generated by the deal? How will you deleverage over time and improve your balance sheet? You should also have a contingency plan in case things go wrong and you face financial distress or default.
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The optimal leverage level for a deal depends on strategic goals. For example, if a company aims to expand rapidly, higher leverage might be suitable to finance growth. Conversely, if stability is the goal, lower leverage ensures manageable debt. Analyzing strategic objectives guides the determination of leverage: whether to minimize risk, maximize returns, or achieve a balance between the two. Understanding these goals allows for aligning leverage with the company's long-term vision and financial health, ensuring the deal serves its intended purpose effectively.
The fifth factor is your personal preference and tolerance for risk. Leverage can magnify both your upside and downside potential, and can create significant pressure and stress for you and your stakeholders. You should be comfortable with the level of leverage you are using and the trade-offs you are making. You should also be realistic and honest about your assumptions and expectations, and avoid being overconfident or overoptimistic. You should also communicate clearly and transparently with your partners, lenders, shareholders, and employees, and address any concerns or questions they may have.
The sixth factor is the use of sensitivity analysis
to test the robustness and feasibility of your leverage decision. Sensitivity analysis is a technique that involves changing one or more variables in your financial model and observing the impact on your key metrics and outcomes. For example, you can change the interest rate, the growth rate, the EBITDA margin, or the exit multiple, and see how they affect your internal rate of return, your debt service coverage ratio, or your equity value. Sensitivity analysis can help you identify the key drivers and risks of your deal, and adjust your leverage level accordingly. It can also help you compare different scenarios and alternatives, and choose the optimal one for your situation.
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One approach is to determine the targeted credit rating of the enterprise and then work backward to determine target leverage and debt service ratios.
These target ratios can be found by studying enterprises in the same industry, market surveys, or academic finance journals.