What techniques can you use to protect and coordinate power systems?

Modern fault study programs like CAPE allow you to import settings for your system into your fault model and the run faults to see what items operate. You can even fail equipment and see what happens.

Reading this paragraph gives the impression that frequency control is only applied as needed. In truth frequency control happens every second of every day. As the load changes, power input must change to maintain a constant frequency.

I have to disagree with some of the statements made here. It is never more efficient or better to separate from the main Interconnection into a microgrid. The Interconnection is inherently more stable and better able to survive a disturbance than an island. This is why Interconnections developed in the first place

Operating interconnected systems with the correct cascaded protection allows for more flexibility to maintain critical supplies than isolated micro grids. If you however have a long transmission to a grid connection, an micro grid would be more efficient but the reliability would depend upon the technology and redundancy of the systems design.

Restoration and reconnection are important processes for recovering the power system after a blackout or a major disturbance. They involve restoring the power supply to the critical loads and the transmission and distribution networks, as well as reconnecting the isolated or islanded parts of the system. Restoration and reconnection require careful planning, coordination, and execution of various actions and strategies, such as: 1| Black-start. 2| Network reconfiguration. 3| Load restoration. 4| Reconnection.

The most beneficial outcome of smart grid technology has been at the Distribution level with the advent of ADMS, and FLISR which has given us self healing grids and faster damage location and repair.

LinkedIn’s AI bit wrote this in a couple of milliseconds. I’ve spent 35 years working on this stuff and there’s no way it can be succinctly summarized in a half dozen paragraphs. Perhaps ask a more focused question next time.

This question is too generic, as proper protection demand a case-by-case approach dues to the complexity and uniqueness of each power system. But the building blocks are the same: 1)break the system down into equivalent circuit and symmetrical component models for analysis. 2)set up a per unit system to calculate the different fault currents at the desired parts of your system. 3)gather equipment damage curves for each critical piece of equipment of your power system (conductors, transformers, motors, generators, capacitor banks, etc). 4)analyze peak loading of your system to account for high impedance faults 5)select proper tcc curves to clear faults in a device’s respective zone of protection before damage curves are reached