Cox & Company CPA

If you own a small business with no employees (other than your spouse) and want to set up a retirement plan, consider a solo 401(k) plan. This is also an option for self-employed individuals or business owners who wish to upgrade from a SIMPLE IRA or SEP plan. For 2024, you can make an elective deferral contribution of up to $23,000 of your net self-employment (SE) income ($30,500 if you’ll be 50 or older as of Dec. 31, 2024). On top of the elective amount, an extra contribution of up to 20% of your net SE income is allowed for solo 401(k)s. For 2024, the combined elective and extra contributions can’t exceed $69,000 ($76,500 for 50 or older) or 100% of net SE income. Questions? Contact us.

As year end approaches, you may be thinking about tax strategies. One way to reduce potential estate taxes and show generosity to loved ones is to give cash gifts before Dec. 31. Taxpayers can transfer large amounts using the annual exclusion. In 2024, the exclusion amount is $18,000. It covers gifts you make to each recipient. That means if you have three children, you can transfer $54,000 to them in 2024, free of federal gift taxes. Married couples can consent to give each recipient up to $36,000 a year. Other rules may apply, and you need to file a gift tax return if you give more than $18,000 or consent to give gifts with your spouse. We can prepare a gift tax return for you.

The Social Security Administration has announced that the wage base for computing Social Security tax will rise to $176,100 in 2025. This is up from $168,600 in 2024. (Believe it or not, it was just $3,000 from 1937–1950!) Wages and self-employment income above this amount aren’t subject to Social Security tax. The Federal Insurance Contributions Act imposes two taxes on employers, employees and self-employed workers. One is Social Security and the other is Medicare. A maximum amount of compensation is subject to the Social Security tax, but there’s no maximum for Medicare tax. For 2024 and 2025, the FICA tax rate for employers is 7.65% (6.2% for Social Security and 1.45% for Medicare).

Let’s say you have a sideline activity that you consider a business. Perhaps you offer photography services or sell handmade items online. Will the IRS agree that your venture is a business, not a hobby? It’s an essential question for tax purposes. If the expenses from an activity exceed the revenues, you have a net loss. You can’t necessarily deduct that loss on your federal income tax return. The IRS often claims that money-losing sidelines are hobbies rather than businesses, and the tax rules for hobbies aren’t favorable. However, we may be able to help you prove your money-losing activity is really a for-profit business that hasn’t paid off yet. That way, you can deduct the losses.

The IRS has been increasing its audit efforts, focusing on large businesses and high-income individuals. Another area of focus is taxpayers who personally use business aircraft. With proper preparation, you should fare well if you’re selected. It helps to know what might catch the IRS’s attention. For example, some audit red flags are unusually high deductions, major inconsistencies between previous years’ returns and the current one, and expenses that are markedly different from those of similar businesses. The IRS usually has three years to conduct an audit. If you’re facing one, we can help you understand the issues, gather necessary documents and respond to inquiries effectively.

Does your business own real estate titled under the business’s name? With long-term tax, liability and estate planning advantages, separating real estate ownership from the business may be a better choice. For example, C corporations treat real estate like other business assets. Expenses related to owning the assets are generally tax deductible in the year incurred. However, when the business sells real estate, the profits are taxed twice, at the corporate level and at the owner’s individual level when a distribution is made. But if the real estate ownership is transferred to a pass-through entity instead, the sale profit will be taxed only at the individual level. Contact us to learn more.

If you have a child or grandchild planning to attend college, you may wonder about investing in a qualified tuition program or 529 plan. You don’t get a federal tax deduction for contributions, but the earnings aren’t taxed while the funds are in the program. (There may be a state deduction in your state.) You can change the beneficiary without income tax consequences. Distributions are tax-free up to the amount of the qualified higher education expenses. These include tuition (up to $10,000 for an elementary or secondary public school), fees, books, supplies and required equipment. Room and board are also qualified expenses if enrolled at least half time. Contact us to learn more.

The recent drop in interest rates created a buzz in the real estate market. Potential homebuyers may now have an opportunity to attain their dreams of purchasing property. If you’re a homebuyer, you may wonder if you can deduct mortgage points paid on your behalf by the seller. The answer is “yes,” subject to some limits. For example, the rule allowing a deduction for seller-paid points doesn’t apply to points allocated to the part of a mortgage above $750,000 ($375,000 for marrieds filing separately) for tax years 2018 through 2025 (above $1 million for tax years before 2018 and after 2025). It also doesn’t apply to points on a loan used to improve a home or in certain other situations.

Certain employers are required to report information about employees’ health coverage. Is your business required to comply? “Applicable large employers” (ALEs) with 50 or more full-time employees must use Forms 1094-C and 1095-C to report information about offers of health coverage and enrollment in health coverage. Specifically, an ALE uses Form 1094-C to report each employee’s summary information and transmit Forms 1095-C to the IRS. A separate Form 1095-C is used to report information about each employee. In addition, 1094-C and 1095-C are used to determine whether an employer owes payments under the employer shared responsibility provisions (also referred to as the employer mandate).

It’s an ideal time to begin making moves that could reduce your tax bills for 2024 and 2025. If you itemize deductions, you may be able to deduct medical expenses, state and local taxes up to $10,000, charitable donations, and eligible mortgage interest. But these deductions won’t save taxes unless they’re more than your standard deduction ($29,200 for joint filers, $14,600 for singles and $21,900 for heads of household). You may be able to work around deduction limits by bunching discretionary medical expenses and charitable gifts into the year they’ll do some tax good. For example, if you itemize for 2024 but not 2025, you may want to make two years of charitable contributions this year.