America's Black Holocaust Museum

Historical records show that a Black man, by population, has had more risk of being lynched in Florida than any other place in the country. On October 12, 1945, the lynching of Jesse James Payne underscores that the era of deep-seated racial violence had not yet come to an end. A veteran and sharecropper in Madison County Florida, Payne was upset with his treatment and threatened to expose his employer, Levy Goodman, for failing to pay federal taxes on his tobacco crop. In retaliation, Goodman accused him of molesting his five-year-old daughter, igniting the fury of a mob of about 50 white men. The mob was supported by local authority; Goodman’s brother-in-law, Lonnie T. Davis, served as the Madison County sheriff. Though Payne initially survived an assault, sustaining a gunshot wound to his arm, he was transferred to the state prison hospital. State Trooper Simeon Moore hoped to calm the mob, but Payne was soon forcibly removed from jail. His body was later found on a dirt road, riddled with bullets. This lynching was notable as the only recorded instance in the U.S. in 1945, occurring just after World War II, when the nation was filled with optimism. Florida Governor Millard F. Caldwell condemned the act, largely to protect the state’s tourism industry. Despite the national outrage, the investigation into Payne’s murder faltered. Decades later, researcher Lonnie T. Davis uncovered new evidence, preserving this painful story in the University of Florida libraries’ collection. The lynching of Jesse James Payne remains a stark reminder of the racial injustices that continue to resonate in America today. #OnThisDay #Remembrance #AmericanHistory #TimeOfTerror More info: https://buff.ly/3zM4FAL https://buff.ly/4eEP6tv New exhibit: Risking Everything https://buff.ly/3Yclkqp Images: 1) Cover of Democracy Abroad, Lynching at Home: Racial Violence in Florida by Tameka Bradley Hobbs. 2) News clipping from the day about the lynching of Jesse James Payne. Publisher unknown. 3) From the Nevada State Journal, Sat, Oct 13, 1945, pg 1 4) Telegram from Otis Charles Gooden to Governor Millard Caldwell regarding the lynching of Jesse James Payne, Nov 8, 1945 5) Memorandum from Louis E. Burnham regarding the lynching of Jesse James Payne, 1945.

Throughout U.S. history, key moments in October have intersected with issues of race and civil rights, significantly influencing voter sentiment and electoral outcomes. The "October Surprise" has a complex legacy, where political strategies have often exploited racial, social, and civil issues through deception, targeted messaging, and demographic mobilization. Media framing of these events has played a critical role in shaping public perception. In 1880, a forged letter nearly derailed James Garfield’s presidential bid. Amid rising tensions over Chinese immigration, which saw over 120,000 Chinese men and boys arriving to work on the railroads, Garfield advocated for cautious negotiations. Just 12 days before the election, a letter falsely attributed to him emerged, claiming companies could hire labor at the lowest cost, endorsing unrestricted Chinese immigration. Democrats distributed half a million copies of this “Morey letter,” damaging Garfield’s support, particularly in California. He won by a narrow margin of just 0.02 percentage points, highlighting the dangerous impact of racially charged narratives in American politics. Before the 1920 election, rumors circulated that Republican candidate Warren G. Harding had African American ancestry, exploiting racial prejudices. These rumors gained traction when William E. Chancellor, a professor at the College of Wooster in Ohio, made derogatory comments about Harding's suitability due to his alleged heritage. Although these claims affected Harding's support, they did not prevent his victory in the presidential race. In the 1936 election, Black voters shifted their allegiance to the Democrats, largely due to FDR’s New Deal policies, with FDR winning 71% of the Black vote. However, by 1940, public sentiment began to wane, especially regarding military segregation. Just a week before the election, FDR’s press aide, Stephen Early, assaulted a Black police officer during a campaign event in New York City. Early’s insufficient apology failed to quell the outrage, threatening to alienate Black voters. To address this, FDR announced the creation of the Tuskegee Airmen and promoted Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Sr. to brigadier general, the first Black officer to achieve that rank. Despite the challenges, FDR won a third term, losing only a small fraction of the Black vote. The lesson for voters is to remain vigilant, especially as elections near, since "October surprises" can sway public perception and suppress the vote. Engaging with reliable information can lead to more informed voting decisions. #Remembrance #USVotingHistory #OctoberSurprise #Free&FairElections More info: https://buff.ly/3zT3AqM https://buff.ly/485ZnMZ View ABHM's new voting rights exhibit: https://buff.ly/3Yclkqp Museum Voter Registration Week: https://buff.ly/3NoLRuy Images: 1) The front page of "Truth" New York, Oct 20, 1880 2) Ft. Wayne News & Sentinel. October 30, 1920 3) Benjamin O. Davis Sr.

It's National Voter Education Week! Check out what we are up to in the voter education space this month:

Powhatan Beaty (October 8, 1837 – December 6, 1916) was an African American soldier and actor celebrated for his bravery during the Civil War. He served in the 5th United States Colored Infantry Regiment throughout the Richmond–Petersburg Campaign and earned the Medal of Honor for his heroism at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm, where he took command of his company after all officers were either killed or wounded. Born into slavery in Richmond, Virginia, Beaty moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1849, where he was allowed to pursue an education and developed an interest in theater. After gaining his freedom, he worked as a cabinet maker and later as a wood turner while honing his acting skills. Amid the Civil War, he enlisted in the 127th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which was later re-designated as the 5th United States Colored Troops, quickly rising to the rank of first sergeant. Beaty distinguished himself in numerous battles, particularly at Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road in October 1864, earning recognition in the Army of the Potomac's general orders. His courageous actions at Chaffin's Farm, where he retrieved the company flag and led his company under heavy fire, earned him commendation from General Benjamin Butler and the Medal of Honor in April 1865. Although recommended for a promotion by Colonel Shurtleff, he received only a brevet promotion to lieutenant. Beaty participated in thirteen battles and various other skirmishes before his discharge. After the war, Beaty returned to Cincinnati, balancing family life with a growing acting career. He became a respected elocutionist, trained in voice delivery, and notably performed at Ford's Opera House in Washington, D.C., in 1884 alongside Henrietta Vinton Davis. Beaty also played a pivotal role in establishing Cincinnati's Literary and Dramatic Club, where he served as drama director. He lived in Cincinnati until his death at seventy-nine, leaving a lasting legacy as both a soldier and a significant cultural figure in the African American community. In 2000, the United States Congress honored Beaty by naming the Interstate 895 bridge over Virginia Route 5 the Powhatan Beaty Memorial Bridge. #OnThisDay #Remembrance #BuffaloSoldier #ActingPioneer More info: https://buff.ly/4dMlR7a https://buff.ly/4dIuors New ABHH Gallery: https://buff.ly/3Yclkqp Image: ABHM produced portrait art of Powhatan Beaty. Developed from a black and white photo of him in the Library of Congress.

Archbishop Desmond Tutu, born on October 7, 1931, was a beacon of moral integrity and a passionate advocate for reconciliation over retribution. His faith fueled his contributions to peace-building, especially during the anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa. Tutu’s global influence offers key lessons that inspire ongoing efforts for justice and peace. Tutu exemplified leadership rooted in honesty and integrity. He advocated for social justice through reconciliation and forgiveness. As chair of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, he prioritized restorative justice over retribution, understanding that lasting peace requires addressing underlying grievances. His commitment to justice extended beyond South Africa. Tutu condemned human rights violations globally and believed that true peace necessitates embracing former adversaries. He urged communities to engage in reconciliation, emphasizing that healing often requires confronting uncomfortable truths and fostering understanding. As a staunch proponent of nonviolence, Tutu intervened in tense situations, using his authority to prevent violence. His approach recognized that deeper societal wounds needed to be addressed for genuine healing. His principles of forgiveness and reconciliation have served as models for peace processes worldwide. Tutu was also a remarkable bridge-builder, unifying diverse faith communities and fostering interfaith dialogue. His friendships with leaders like the Dalai Lama and initiatives like peace lectures promoted understanding among various cultures. Tutu's legacy is a powerful reminder that peace requires active engagement in justice, and his call for all to be peacemakers continues to inspire globally. We are grateful for the life of Desmond Tutu. May his lessons continue to guide us as we navigate this hour. #OnThisDay #Reconciliation #Remembrance #ProduceJustice #ProducePeace More info: https://buff.ly/4eSR4q5 https://buff.ly/3XOGx8s New Gallery: https://buff.ly/3Yclkqp Images: 1) 2004 portrait of Desmond Tutu. Public Domain 2) Desmond & Leah Tutu. The Desmond & Leah Tutu Legacy Foundation 3) Desmond Tutu speaking. Year unknown. 4) Desmond Tutu with Nelson Mandela. Cape Town, South Africa. 1994 5) The Dali Lama with Desmond Tutu, Interfaith Dialogue. 2008 6) Portrait of Desmond Tutu at the Elders Board Meeting in Morocco. 2009

Our virtual exhibit on the fight for voting rights for Black citizens from Reconstruction to today is LIVE!! This exhibit coincides with our continuing Museum Voter Education and Registration Program In partnership with the Milwaukee County Historical Society and the Wisconsin Black Historical Society, join us this election season as we explore the history of voting rights and assist our community with voter registration. Check out the upcoming programs and events: September 30th – October 5th: Voter Registration at the Milwaukee Co. Historical Society October 5th @ 1 to 3 PM CT: WBHSM screening of PBS’s “Freedom Summer” October 7th – November 4th: ABHM hosts “Risking Everything: A Freedom Summer” Exhibit for Students as part of the Wisconsin Historical Society’s History Makers Tour October 8th – 12th: Voter Registration at the America’s Black Holocaust Museum October 24th @ 6 PM CT - ABHM Book Club (Virtual) - “Risking Everything: A Freedom Summer Reader” November 5th: WBHSM hosts a viewing party of U.S. Election results See program details on museum social media pages and websites: America’s Black Holocaust Museum: https://lnkd.in/gN5NnAQK Milwaukee County Historical Society: https://lnkd.in/gdh_tmu4 Wisconsin Black Historical Society: https://lnkd.in/gJHuzFEF #vote #votingrights #milwaukeehistory

In partnership with the Milwaukee County Historical Society and the Wisconsin Black Historical Society Museum, join us this election season as we explore the history of voting rights and assist our community with voter registration. The U.S. presidential election is coming up on Tuesday, November 5th. You MUST be registered to vote. Visit local MKE museums to register. Voter registration forms available in English, Spanish, and Hmong. Participating museums and dates listed below. • Monday, Sept. 23rd – Saturday, Sept. 28th @ Wisconsin Black Historical Society & Museum, 2620 W. Center Street • Monday, Sept. 30th – Saturday, Oct. 5th @ Milwaukee Co. Historical Society, 910 N. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. • Tuesday, Oct. 8th – Saturday, Oct. 12th @ America’s Black Holocaust Museum, 401 W. North Ave. Who is eligible to register? • Must be at least 18 years on or before election day • Must be a U.S. citizen • Proof of Residence Required – Click Here for examples. • You have lived here for 28 consecutive days before this election with no present intent to move. • People convicted of felonies are not qualified to vote until they have completed their term of imprisonment or otherwise satisfied their sentence. WI Voter Registration Deadlines: Election Day November 5, 2024 In Person: The Friday before Election Day, but voters may also register on Election Day* By Mail: Postmarked at least 20 days before Election Day (October 16th, 2024). Return registration applications to the election office in City Hall, 200 E. Wells Street, Room 501, Milwaukee, WI 53202 Online: 20 days before Election Day (October 16th, 2024). *Individuals may register to vote in person at your polling place on Election Day. All individuals must provide both a proof of residency document and proof of identification to register on election Day. Each participating museum with assist community members with voter registration at their respective locations from late September through mid-October. Additionally, there will be programs and exhibits that discuss the history of voting rights in the U.S. and politics in Milwaukee from September through November 5th. Visit https://lnkd.in/gN5NnAQK to learn more.

On the night of September 30, 1919, around 100 Black farmers gathered at a church in Phillips County, Arkansas, for a meeting of the Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America. Led by Robert Hill, many members were Black World War I veterans advocating for civil rights for their families. Joining the union was perilous; members paid dues for legal services and attended meetings that required armed guards for protection. This meeting aimed to organize legal efforts to secure overdue payments and pursue fairer future compensation for their crops. A key goal was to compel white landowners, who had maintained false accounts to keep sharecroppers in perpetual debt, to be transparent about their finances. White landowners across the country resented Black labor unions, fearing they undermined white supremacy and control. When a group from the Missouri-Pacific Railroad attempted to infiltrate the meeting, a shootout broke out, resulting in the deaths of at least two white men. This incident, fueled by false and sensational media reports, quickly incited enraged white mobs. Over the following days, these mobs targeted the nearby Black community of Elaine, destroying homes and businesses while attacking any Black individuals they encountered. Terrified residents, including women, children, and the elderly, fled to hide in the woods and fields. Federal troops arriving on the scene reported only two Black deaths, but numerous accounts questioned their credibility, alleging complicity in the violence. Historians today estimate that hundreds, possibly over 800, Black people were killed. After the violence, 67 Black men were arrested, and trials were held primarily based on coerced confessions. Twelve union members received death sentences for riot-related offenses, but the NAACP successfully appealed these verdicts. This massacre was part of the Red Summer of 1919, a time of overlooked widespread racial violence, revealing the ongoing issues of racism and injustice in American society. Let us be certain the victims are never forgotten. #OnThisDay #Remembrance #AmericanHistory #TimeOfTerror More info: https://buff.ly/3Y4NN1q https://buff.ly/2vuAtVn https://buff.ly/3X7OBAM Images: 1) Robert L. Hill, founder of the Progressive Farmers and Household Union, later in Topeka, KS, 1943. Library of Congress. 2) Soldiers of the 57th Infantry from Camp Pike in Little Rock dispatched to Elaine, AR, during the 1919 massacre. Library of Congress. 3) Elaine, AR, 1919: Soldiers sent by Gov. Charles Brough to round up farm workers. AK State Archives. 4) Elaine Defendants, Helena, Phillips County, Ar., ca. 1910. Bobby L. Roberts Library of Arkansas History and Art, Central Arkansas Library. 5) Chicago Defender headlines death sentences for falsely accused victims of the Elaine massacre, Nov 8, 1919. 6) Elaine massacre defendants Ed Hicks, Frank Hicks, Frank Moore, J.C. Knox, Ed Coleman, and Paul Hall, with counsel Scipio A. Jones to the left.

On September 29, 1975, WGPR-TV 62 in Detroit became the first Black American-owned television station in the continental U.S. This milestone followed the Federal Communications Commission's unanimous decision earlier in 1973 to allow Dr. William V. Banks and the International Free and Accepted Modern Masons, with an exclusive Black membership, to construct and operate the nation's first Black television network. George White, WGPR's vice president of programming, emphasized the station's importance in giving voice to underrepresented communities, stating, “There wouldn’t be any need for a station of this type if things were running as a democratic society should be.” The FCC's decision was championed by Ulysses Boykin, a notable Detroit journalist, coinciding with the election of Coleman A. Young, the city's first African American mayor. President Gerald Ford congratulated station owner William Banks during its inaugural broadcast, highlighting the significance of WGPR as a symbol of successful Black enterprise. WGPR-TV provided training and job opportunities in television production and journalism for African Americans. Its programming included "Big City News," an all-Black evening news broadcast, and "The Scene," a popular dance show featuring the nation’s first Black prime-time news team. In 1995, real estate developer Joel Ferguson expressed interest in purchasing the station, but Banks' organization ultimately sold WGPR to CBS for $24 million. Following Banks' death in 1985, the Michigan Historical Commission established a marker at the station's former headquarters. In 2017, the William V. Banks Broadcast Museum opened, celebrating WGPR's legacy and hosting community events. #OnThisDay #Remembrance #TVHistory #BlackMedia More info: https://buff.ly/401VhUn https://buff.ly/4dm3ipT https://buff.ly/3SCQcMO https://buff.ly/3RMGSqi Images: 1) Detroit’s WGPR becomes the nation’s first Black-owned televi­sion station. 1975. Michigan Chronicle 2) Broadcast pioneer William V. Banks being interviewed. 1975. WGPR-TV Historical Society 3) WGPR TV 62 logo. 4) "The Scene" was a cultural phenomenon in Detroit, airing from 1975 -1987, on WGPR—TV 62. Promotional photo, WGPR-TV.

The Opelousas massacre, which began on September 28, 1868, remains one of the most horrific events of the Reconstruction era and American history. Racial violence erupted in Opelousas, Louisiana, as white residents, angered by African Americans' newfound voting rights, launched attacks resulting in hundreds of deaths. Following the ratification of Louisiana’s new Constitution in April 1868, a majority of voters embraced Union-aligned Republican candidates. However, St. Landry Parish diverged, supporting white supremacist former Confederate Democrats, revealing a politically charged atmosphere. Efforts to persuade Black voters to join the Democratic Party failed, leading many white residents to resort to violent intimidation. In response, Republicans like Emerson Bentley, a white journalist and editor of the St. Landry Progress, encouraged Black political engagement. On that horrible day, Bentley was attacked while teaching at a school he had helped establish for Black children. His students fled in panic, prompting the community to fear he had been killed. In retaliation, Black men armed themselves, resulting in the "arrest" of 27 individuals by white mobs. The following night, these men were executed with the sheriff's complicity, and over the next weeks, white mobs terrorized the Black community, leading to an estimated 200-300 Black fatalities. The massacre effectively silenced Black voters and altered the demographics of the city, ensuring St. Landry was politically dominated by white Democrats. Bentley and other Radical Republicans fled, and in the subsequent election, Ulysses S. Grant received no votes for President in St. Landry. Ongoing commemoration of this tragic chapter in American history is essential to ensure it is not forgotten. #OnThisDay #Remembrance #AmericanHistory #TimeOfTerror More info: https://buff.ly/4gLiMqk https://buff.ly/4gKf0xK https://buff.ly/4a8wH6R Images: 1) ABHM produced image with a map of Opelousas, LA in 1860 with news clippings from the time regarding the Opelousas massacre, including the New York Tribune, the New Orleans Republican, and the Lake Charles Echo. 1868 2) Coverage of a disturbance at a Republican meeting held in Opelousas shortly after the federal expansion of voting rights. New Orleans Republican, Feb 18, 1868. 3) Image of Main Street in Opelousas, LA twenty years after the massacre. 1888