AX The PI, Professor at Bogazici University (BU)/ PI, SNG&HydTec Lab./ Head, Department of Chemical Engineering, BU/ Director, Advanced Technologies R&D Center, BU/ Founding Partner, GreenCKA Consultancy
It is well known that the technology and production of Electric Vehicles (EVs) heavily depend on battery technology, specifically lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. These batteries are widely used due to their high energy density, long cycle life, relatively low self-discharge rate, and faster charging times compared to other battery types. As such, lithium is a crucial component, making up about 2% to 3% of the battery by weight, depending on the specific chemistry, such as lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) or lithium iron phosphate (LFP). However, the primary prerequisite for a reliable technology is the abundance and secure supply of its key raw material, as well as the environmental friendliness of its purification and refining process. The "lithium triangle" – Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, along with Peru – contains about 67% of the world's proven lithium reserves and produces about half of the global supply. Lithium does not naturally occur in its elemental form due to its high reactivity. Therefore, understanding the environmental impact of lithium mining, refining, and extraction has become increasingly critical. For example, both coal mining and lithium mining have similar carbon footprints. Additionally, the refining process of lithium-bearing ore or the evaporation/extraction process of lithium from brine results in significant carbon emissions. Given these factors, the question arises: Is the production of EV batteries truly climate-friendly?
