Calross Consulting’s Post

#Geotechnical_engineering plays a crucial role in underground mining by assessing and managing the stability of the ground surrounding mine openings, such as shafts, tunnels, and stopes. This involves analyzing the geological conditions, rock mechanics, ground support systems, and monitoring for potential hazards like ground collapses or rockbursts. Geotechnical engineers also design support structures and recommend mining methods to ensure safe and efficient operations underground.

The drill and blast method is a widely used technique in mining operations, particularly in hard rock mining. This process involves two key components: drilling holes into the rock formation and subsequently blasting the rock to facilitate its fragmentation. Drill patterns are designed to optimise the blasting process, considering factors like rock type, size, and desired fragmentation. The drilling phase utilises specialised equipment to bore holes into the rock, where explosives are then placed. Upon detonation, the blast breaks the rock into manageable fragments, which can be easily handled and transported for further processing. While advancements in technology have introduced alternative methods, the drill and blast approach remains integral to the extraction of valuable minerals from challenging geological formations. Follow us at Tunnel Engineering #blasting #mining #miningblast #miningengineering #miningengineer #excavation #blasting #groundworks #tunnelling #drillandblast #blastingengineer #blast #explosives #drilling #artoftunnelling #tunellingtechnique #learntunnelling #tunnelengineering #tunneling #quarry #openpitmining #MiningAustralia #tunnel #drilling

𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗘𝘃𝗮𝗹𝘂𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 1. **Normal Pressure**: Equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure exerted by a column of water from the surface to the formation depth. 2. **Abnormal (Overpressure)**: Pressure that exceeds the normal hydrostatic gradient, often caused by rapid sedimentation, tectonic compression, or fluid expansion. 3. **Subnormal Pressure**: Pressure that is lower than the normal hydrostatic gradient, usually resulting from fluid extraction, fluid migration, or reservoir depletion. ### Methods of Formation Pressure Evaluation Several techniques and tools are employed to evaluate formation pressures, each offering unique insights into subsurface conditions: 1. **Drill Stem Test (DST)** - **Description**: A procedure that isolates and tests a section of the wellbore to measure formation pressure directly. - **Advantages**: Provides accurate pressure data and allows for fluid sampling. - **Limitations**: Time-consuming and expensive; requires wellbore integrity. 2. **Wireline Formation Testing** - **Tools**: Includes Modular Formation Dynamics Tester (MDT) and Repeat Formation Tester (RFT). - **Description**: Involves lowering a tool into the wellbore to take pressure measurements and fluid samples at different depths. - **Advantages**: Provides high-resolution pressure data and can be performed at multiple intervals. - **Limitations**: Requires good borehole conditions; can be affected by mud invasion. 3. **Mud Logging and Drilling Data** - **Description**: Analyzes drilling parameters, mud weight, and gas shows to infer formation pressure. - **Indicators**: - **Kick**: Sudden influx of formation fluids into the wellbore, indicating overpressure. - **Mud Weight Adjustments**: Changes in mud weight to maintain well control can indicate formation pressure. - **Advantages**: Real-time data; helps in immediate decision-making. - **Limitations**: Indirect method; less accurate than direct measurement techniques. 4. **Pressure While Drilling (PWD)** - **Description**: Uses downhole sensors to measure annular pressure in real-time during drilling. - **Advantages**: Continuous monitoring; immediate detection of pressure changes. - **Limitations**: High-cost technology; requires sophisticated equipment. 5. **Formation Pressure Gradient (FPG) Analysis** - **Description**: Analyzes pressure gradients obtained from wireline logs and drilling data to determine formation pressure. - **Advantages**: Provides a comprehensive understanding of pressure distribution. - **Limitations**: Requires integration of multiple data sources for accuracy. Photo refrence, credit : https://lnkd.in/dgeuesyS

𝗡𝗲𝘁 𝗚𝗿𝗼𝘀𝘀, 𝗡𝗲𝘁 𝗥𝗼𝗰𝗸, 𝗡𝗲𝘁 𝗣𝗮𝘆 **Differentiating Between Gross, Net, and Net Pay** 1. **Gross Rock Volume (GRV):** GRV represents the total volume of rock within the reservoir, regardless of its productive potential. It includes both porous and non-porous intervals and serves as the starting point for reservoir evaluation. 2. **Net Rock Volume (NRV):** NRV accounts for the portion of the reservoir rock that contains hydrocarbons and is capable of contributing to production. It provides a more accurate estimate of the reservoir's productive capacity by excluding non-productive intervals. 3. **Net Pay:** Net Pay focuses specifically on the vertical thickness of the reservoir where hydrocarbons are economically viable to produce. It considers factors such as reservoir quality, fluid properties, and economic considerations to identify the interval suitable for exploitation. **Importance in Petroleum Exploration** Understanding the distinction between Gross, Net, and Net Pay is essential for accurately assessing reservoir potential, estimating hydrocarbon reserves, and optimizing production strategies. By delineating between productive and non-productive intervals, geoscientists and reservoir engineers can make informed decisions regarding well placement, drilling targets, and reservoir management practices. Photo refrence, credit : https://lnkd.in/dnh6jAnD