Danny Spraguso Yuwono’s Post

🚀 **Understanding the Role Differences in 5G: RF Engineer vs. Telecommunication Engineer** 📶 As 5G technology continues to transform industries, it's important to recognize the distinct roles played by RF engineers and telecommunication engineers. While both are crucial to the success of 5G deployment, their areas of expertise differ: 🔹 **RF Engineer**: Focuses on radio frequency design, optimization, and signal propagation. They ensure efficient wireless signal transmission, manage spectrum, and optimize antenna design to enhance coverage and reduce interference. 🔹 **Telecommunication Engineer**: Works on the broader network infrastructure, handling the core network design, system integration, and protocols. Their focus is on seamless data transmission, reducing latency, and ensuring reliable communication across all network elements. Together, they make 5G a reality, each bringing specialized skills to push the boundaries of connectivity. 💡 #5G #telecommunications #RFengineering #networkengineering #technology #innovation #connectivity

#RRU(Remote Radio Unit) A Remote Radio Unit (RRU) is a component of a cellular network's radio access network (RAN) architecture. It is typically installed at the cell site, near the antenna, and connects to the Base Band Unit (BBU) via fiber optic cable. #Key_Functions: 1. Radio frequency (RF) signal transmission and reception 2. Amplification and filtering of RF signals 3. Conversion between digital and analog signals 4. Support for multiple frequency bands and technologies (e.g., 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G) #RRU_Components: 1. Power amplifier (PA) 2. Low noise amplifier (LNA) 3. Transceiver (TRX) 4. Filter and duplexer 5. Digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) #Benefits: 1. Improved network performance and capacity 2. Reduced interference and increased signal quality 3. Enhanced mobility and coverage 4. Simplified maintenance and upgrades 5. Reduced power consumption #RRU_Types: 1. Active RRU: integrates PA, LNA, and TRX 2. Passive RRU: only amplifies and filters RF signals 3. Hybrid RRU: combines active and passive components #Interfaces: 1. Optical fiber interface (e.g., CPRI, OBSAI) 2. RF interface (e.g., antenna connectors) 3. Ethernet interface (for management and control) #Applications: 1. Macro cells 2. Small cells 3. Distributed antenna systems (DAS) 4. Cloud RAN (C-RAN) architectures #Manufacturers: 1. Ericsson 2. Huawei 3. Nokia 4. Samsung 5. ZTE

5𝐆 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟒 5G base station equipment refers to the #infrastructure components essential for the deployment and operation of fifth-generation (5G) wireless #communication networks. These stations, also known as gNodeBs (gNBs), play a crucial role in facilitating #highspeed , low-latency, and massive device connectivity. The key elements of 5G base station equipment include #antennas , #radio frequency (RF) transceivers, #signal processing units, and #network interfaces. The antennas transmit and receive radio signals, while RF transceivers handle the conversion of #digital data into radio waves for transmission and vice versa. Signal processing units manage the modulation, coding, and decoding of #data , optimizing the efficiency and reliability of communication. Additionally, network interfaces enable seamless integration with the core network, ensuring the smooth flow of data between the base #stations and other elements of the 5G infrastructure. Overall, 5G base station equipment forms the backbone of advanced wireless networks, supporting the enhanced capabilities and diverse applications of the 5G technology. 𝐆𝐞𝐭 𝐀 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐏𝐃𝐅 𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐲: https://lnkd.in/gQ9qdbzA 𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬: Ericsson Fujitsu Huawei Nokia Cisco ZTE Corporation Samsung Electronics #5g #5gnetwork #telecommunications #telecomindustry #equipment #5gtechnology #technology

Rohde & Schwarz (R&S) and Viavi Solutions has today announced an expansion of their partnership for joint wireless lab test solutions. The two companies, leaders in wireless communication test and active in standards development, continue to address critical requirements based on new 3GPP and O-RAN specifications. As O-RAN radios move to commercial deployment, development testing needs to move beyond lab validation of conformance to greater use case and functionality testing within R&D. These newer use cases prioritize simplicity, speed and cost effectiveness in testing. The R&S PVT360A is a compact, single-box vector signal analyzer (VSA) and vector signal generator (VSG) that combines with the VIAVI TM500 O-RU Tester and VIAVI O-RU Test Manager Application for a more scalable solution, providing a cost-optimized and simpler setup that is well-suited for R&D teams that require multiple test lines to accelerate time to market. #rohde&schwarz #VIAVI #partnership #makeitreal #ORAN #OpenRAN #PVT360 #NTN #energyefficiency #NES

Modulation in Telecom - as Telecom engineer should understand modulation - modulation used in microwave links , wdm optical , RF like GSM WCDMA LTE and 5G - we have analog and digital , please focus on digital modulation - common types of digital modulation used is QAM - in QAM we control amplitude and phase - we can use from 4QAM to 8192 QAM and may be more - as increasing the modulation order the link capacity increases too meanwhile the expected bit error rate increasing too - for example when we use 1024 QAM then we have 1024 symbols of data and ach symbol represents 10 bits of traffic - we have 2 types of modulation control : 1- Fixed modulation , may used with TDM traffic 2- Adaptive modulation which suitable to be used with hybrid and IP traffic - Note that TDM means legacy pdh and sdh for 2G as an example #m_saeed

3G CDMA UMTS HSPA 3G Drive test 3G Post Processing

2G GSM Interview Main Questions for Drive Test Engineer : #GSM #2G #TELECOM #RF -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #DTX : Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is a mechanism allowing the radio transmitter to be switched off during speech pauses. This feature reduces the power consumption of the transmitter, which is important for MSs, and decreases the overall interference level on the radio channels affecting the capacity of the network. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #TA : Value that the base station calculates from access bursts and sends to the mobile station (MS) enabling the MS to advance the timing of its transmissions to the BS so as to compensate for propagation delay. Value of 0 means MS in radius of 550mt. From BS.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #RL #Timeout #Counter (Cur) : This parameter define the maximum value of the radio link counter expressed in SACCH blocks. Range of 4 – 64 in step size of 4. it shows current value of RLT. Decrease by 1 but increase by 2. When it reaches zero it results in normal DROP Call. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #C/I : The carrier-over-interference ratio is the ratio between the signal strength of the current serving cell and the signal strength of undesired (interfering) signal components. It should be atleast > 9 . ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #SQI : SQI is a more sophisticated measure which is dedicated to reflecting the quality of the speech (as opposed to radio environment conditions). This means that when optimizing the speech quality in your network, SQI is the best criterion to use. SQI is updated at 0.5 s intervals. It is computed on basis of BER and FER. For EFR 30, FR – 21 & HR – 17 are respectively ideal values. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #BER Actual : Ratio of the number of bit errors to the total number of bits transmitted in a given time interval. -> BER is a measure for the voice quality in network, Depending on BER RxQual is measured. E,g, BER 0 to 0.2 % corresponds to RxQual 0. Max. BER countable and useful is up to 12.8 % which corresponds to RxQual of max. 7. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ #FER : Frame Erasure Rate it represents the percentage of frames being dropped due to high number of non-corrected bit errors in the frame. It is indication of voice quality in network. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ #RxLev : Receiving level in terms of dBm that mobile is receiving from the site. -> RxLev is a number from 0 to 63 that corresponds to a dBm value range. -> 0 represents the weakest signal and 63 the strongest. -------

Modulation in its simple form #Modulation #Telecom #QAM #DigitalModulation

Considering the dynamic nature of telecommunications and the rapid evolution of industrial requirements that align with future trends and regulatory frameworks. With this in mind, I am seeking guidance on the following aspects: Spectrum Allocation: Which spectrum bands are most suitable for private 5G networks in the context of industrial applications? We aim to strike a balance between spectrum availability, interference mitigation, and compatibility with existing and future devices. Bandwidth Considerations: What bandwidth allocations would best accommodate the diverse needs of Industry 5.0 applications while ensuring scalability and performance optimization over the long term? Regulatory Compliance: How can we ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and spectrum licensing policies while maximizing the efficiency and efficacy of our private 5G network deployment? Future-Proofing Strategies: In light of anticipated technological advancements and industry shifts, what strategies can be employed to future-proof our investment and adapt to evolving demands and standards?#private 5g network #Industry 5.0 #industry 4.0 # 5g compliance

5G coverage (eMBB) 5G coverage is evaluated by calculating Maximum allowed path loss (MAPL) on radio interface using link budget tool. This tool estimates the achieved values of path losses over the planned environment, between the transmitter and receiver in the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) directions. This initial planning phase helps Telcos to achieve a high-level estimation of the number of base stations needed to service the planned area considering different services, frequency band, channel model, control or data channel, cell reliability, packet error, pathloss model, base station height, antenna technique, clutter type, 5th percentile spectral efficiency and other system parameters. Above mentioned multiple factors can vary from one telco to another and therefore can change the coverage planning and penetration. Here, coverage is evaluated for eMBB for 3.5GHz frequency band as an example to understand the coverage calculation steps on broader level. As, UL coverage is less than DL coverage, network needs to planned on the basis of UL calculation always. Reference - 3GPP **To learn more about such topics, refer to 5G course at - https://lnkd.in/efENj4Fv #5g #5gnr #ran #openran #oran #tech #technolgy #uktech #telecommunications #telecom #spectrum #itelcotech #5gnetworks #5gnetwork #5gtechnology