Glenn Evans’ Post

Compression Test on Steel 🔨 What is Compression Test? 🤔 Compression test is like squeezing a steel bar between two strong hands. ✋ We measure how much the bar squashes before it breaks. 💥 This helps us understand how strong steel is when pushed together. 💪 Why is it Important? 🤔 Many things are built with steel, like buildings and bridges. 🏗️ We need to know if the steel is strong enough to hold up all that weight. 🏋️♀️ Compression test helps us ensure safety. 🦺 How is it Done? 🤔 We prepare a small, smooth steel bar. 📏 Place the bar between two strong plates in a testing machine. ⚙️ Slowly push the plates together with increasing force. ⬆️ Measure how much the bar shortens as the force increases. 📏 Keep pushing until the bar breaks or squashes completely. 💥 What Do We Learn? 🤔 Elastic Limit: The point before the steel starts to bend permanently. 📏 Yield Strength: The point where the steel starts to bend without extra force. 📐 Ultimate Compressive Strength: The maximum force the steel can withstand before breaking. 💪 Modulus of Elasticity: How stiff the steel is. 📈 Stress-Strain Curve 📈 We plot the force (stress) against the change in length (strain). 📊 This graph shows how the steel behaves under compression. 📈 Factors Affecting Compression Test 🌡️ Shape of the steel bar. 📏 Temperature. 🌡️ Speed of loading. 🏎️ Uses of Compression Test 🏗️ Designing buildings and bridges. 🌉 Choosing the right steel for different jobs. 🛠️ Checking the quality of steel. 🔍 Safety First! ⚠️ Compression tests can be dangerous. 💥 Always wear protective gear. 🥽 Follow safety procedures. 🚧 Remember: Compression test is a crucial tool for engineers and scientists to ensure the safety and reliability of steel structures. 🏗️💪 #civil #rebar #test #construction #compression #AYYAPPADARAPU

#Potential causes of failure in underground (#FRP) piping differ from region and application however they include: 1. #Mechanical #Stress: Excessive external loads, such as from heavy vehicles or shifting soil, can cause cracking or crushing of the FRP pipes. 2. Poor #Installation Practices: Improper installation techniques, such as incorrect bedding and backfilling, can create stress concentrations and lead to premature failure. 3. #Manufacturing Defects: Flaws introduced during the manufacturing process, such as voids, incomplete curing, or fiber misalignment, can reduce the strength and durability of the FRP pipes. 4. #Operational factors : Extreme temperatures or pressure leading to stress and potential failure of the FRP material. #Surge, Sudden changes in flow velocity, such as rapid valve closures or pump startups and shutdowns, can create transient high-pressure waves, leading to stress, deformation, or rupture of the pipes 5. #Inadequate Design: Poor design that does not account for expected loads, environmental conditions, pressure changes, and material properties can lead to insufficient strength and durability of the FRP piping system. This includes inadequate consideration of hydraulic, thermal, and mechanical stresses that the piping system will encounter during its service life. 6. #Soil Movement: Ground movement due to seismic activity, landslides, or subsidence can stress the piping and cause it to crack or break. 7. #Biofouling: Growth of biofilms or other biological material on the internal surfaces of the pipes can lead to blockages and increased internal pressure, potentially causing damage. 8. #Thrust Block Issues: Improperly sized, placed, or designed thrust blocks can fail to absorb and distribute hydraulic forces adequately, leading to excessive stress on the pipes. Soil movement and insufficient backfill compaction around thrust blocks can also reduce their effectiveness. ——————————————————— According to literature the typical design #lifespan of FRP pipes is around 30 to 50 years, actual service life can be influenced by a variety of factors. Ensuring high quality installation, maintain safe operating conditions, regular maintenance, and appropriate material selection for the specific environmental conditions can help achieve the maximum possible lifespan for FRP piping systems.

Fluctuating Stress Imagine you're designing a piping system that will operate under fluctuating loads for years, possibly even decades. One key aspect of your design is ensuring that the pipes can handle the stress caused by these movements without failing prematurely. This is where the stress range factor, denoted as **f**, comes into play. The factor **f** is tied to the concept of fatigue, accounting for the number of full displacement cycles the piping system will experience over its lifespan. ASME B31.3 provides guidelines for the allowable stress limits, but it focuses mainly on the longitudinal stress, which is the stress acting along the length of the pipe. While it offers no specific formula, the principle is clear: the goal is to keep the stresses within safe bounds to avoid fatigue failure. Now, consider the stress concentration factor (SCF). Picture a pipe with a chamfered edge versus one with a filleted edge. The SCF is the ratio of the maximum stress to the average stress in a component under load. With a sharp chamfer, stress can build up more significantly compared to a smoother fillet, much like how water flows more violently around a sharp rock than a smooth one. This difference in shape can reduce or exacerbate stress concentration. To further reduce stress, one might consider increasing the thickness of certain components, such as a flange. A thicker flange would spread the load more evenly, reducing the localized stress that could otherwise cause cracking or failure. It’s like reinforcing the foundation of a building—you spread the weight to reduce the strain on any one point. By understanding these principles—stress range, stress concentration, and the impact of design choices—you ensure that your piping system is robust and capable of withstanding the tests of time. Piping Systems & Pipeline 2005 J Phillip Ellenberger (writing assisted by AI) #stress #fluctuating #components #reduce #thickness #flange #piping #stressconcentration #weight #loads

Large equipment items, such as distillation column systems, compressors, or major pressure vessels, are commonly protected by multiple pressure relief devices mounted on a common inlet manifold. In selecting this type of design, the potential exists to inadvertently overlook the flow characteristics associated with such a common inlet manifold. Read this ioMosaic white paper excerpt by Neil Prophet and Charles Lea for a look at an iterative steady-state method to effectively model flow through multiple pressure relief devices mounted on common inlet manifolds. This approach ensures accurate representation of flow through each pressure relief device while avoiding the potential pitfalls of a simplified approach. Large equipment items, such as distillation column systems, compressors, or major pressure vessels, are frequently protected by multiple pressure relief devices. Often, multiple pressure relief devices are needed to provide adequate relief capacity to handle the large relief flowrates from overpressure scenarios affecting these large systems. Additionally, the set pressures of these relief devices can be staggered to better address varied relief requirements and to improve pressure relief device flow stability. It is also fairly common practice for these multiple relief devices to be mounted on a common inlet manifold. Installing these devices on such a piping manifold can provide easier access for maintenance and inspection by locating these on a platform or deck, as well as providing the strong structural support needed for multiple heavy relief devices. However, in selecting this type of design, the potential exists to inadvertently overlook the flow characteristics associated with such a common inlet manifold.  #ReliefDesign #RiskManagement #Overpressure

Faster Connections, No Waiting - Anchor Faster with Panel Base Connectors The tilt-up Panel Base Connector is easy to position in the bottom edge of the form. It can be placed in either a face-up or face-down orientation depending on forming and handling preference. The high-strength, drill-in 3/4”x10” screw-in anchor provides an immediate and secure connection when tightened. There is no grout set-up or wait time required. The connection is centered in the concrete panel, minimizing moment and eccentric forces in the design, and resisting in-plane tension and out-of-plane shear forces. The connection provides a nominal capacity in excess of 10 Kips for shear and tension, meeting all applicable ACI requirements. The relatively small access area is easy to grout, providing complete embedment and encapsulation for corrosion protection. Click here for more Panel Base Connector information, then contact your SureBuilt representative for specifications, placement, pricing and availability. American products, made by American metalworkers, for American contractors. #concrete #concreteconstruction https://lnkd.in/gApQU5R7

Two Anchor Situation There is L-shaped piping arrangement which is quite common in piping systems, particularly in situations where two legs of the piping are connected at a 90-degree angle, with anchors at each end. This configuration can indeed be analyzed using principles similar to the guided cantilever method to approximate flexibility.  In this setup, each leg of the pipe is anchored at its respective end, and the flexibility of the system allows for initial movement at either anchor point due to thermal expansion or other forces. The movement in one leg of the pipe will result in a corresponding force in the other leg, much like a guided cantilever beam. However, the presence of two legs and the right-angle connection complicates the analysis compared to a simple cantilever.  Engineers often treat this as a two-legged problem where the force distribution and flexibility are considered in both legs. The forces can be solved by using basic principles of statics and flexibility analysis, with the deflection and movement of one leg influencing the behavior of the other. Each leg's response to the applied forces will be similar to that of a cantilever beam, but because of the L-shape, there is a coupling effect between the two legs.  By understanding how each leg behaves under thermal or mechanical stress, piping designers can estimate the forces and moments at the anchors, allowing them to design the system with enough flexibility to absorb the stresses while maintaining structural integrity. This approach is especially useful for calculating pipe movements in thermal expansion situations and ensuring that the stresses do not exceed allowable limits. This technique is appreciated for its simplicity and efficiency, making it a popular choice among engineers for quickly evaluating flexibility in straightforward piping layouts. Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis Sam Kannappan 2008 ABI Enterprises (written with AI assistance) #correction #factor #leg #twoanchor #elbow #adjacentleg #flexibility

The AISC Design Guide 24: Hollow Structural Section Connections (Second Edition) has just been released. It provides a comprehensive explanation on design of HSS connections, complementing the guidelines in the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-22). I am proud to have two of my papers referenced in this Design Guide, discussing the design of steel plates in bending using its ultimate stress, in lieu of its yield stress. As part of the technical committee, this approach is also adopted by the incoming Brazilian standard for steel structures: Design of Steel and Composite Steel and Concrete structures for buildings (NBR 8800-24). If you want to know more: Fidalgo, A., and J.A. Packer. 2022. Evaluation of bolted CHS flange-plate connections under axial tension. J. of Constr. Steel Res., 196: 107399. https://lnkd.in/gkNzpbe4 Fidalgo, A., and J.A. Packer. 2023. Bolted CHS flange-plate connections under bending. J. Struct. Eng., 149(6): 04023066-3. https://lnkd.in/gJA_wChP

2507 Super Duplex steel Pipe DESCRIPTION of 2507 Super Duplex steel Pipe 2507 Super Duplex steel Pipe drawing processing, that is, drawing the surface of the stainless steel bright pipe, so that the surface of the bright pipe is no longer a bright effect, but a frosted surface. At this time, some people have questions, is it easier to rust after surface treatment? What should I do if it is rusty? Will there be quality problems? Of course, the rust resistance will be weakened, but it is not completely rustproof. The rust and corrosion resistance of 2507 Super Duplex steel Pipe is due to the nickel component on the surface of 2507 Super Duplex steel Pipe, which forms an oxide layer on the surface. The protective effect. After the wire drawing process, the surface nickel element is destroyed and the corrosion resistance effect will definitely be a little worse, but it can not be said that it is completely non-rustproof, so try not to use the wire drawing tube in an outdoor exposed place. Brushed stainless steel pipes are not only beautiful when used indoors, but are also sufficient for the indoor environment to prevent rust. However, if they are placed outdoors, they must be maintained. Apply anti-rust oil to the stainless steel pipe regularly, and take care not to damage the surface of the 2507 Super Duplex steel pipe. Never use corrosive cleaning fluids to scrub stainless steel pipes. Generally, clean water is sufficient. This can better protect the surface of 2507 Super Duplex steel Pipe.

Ensuring the quality and strength of construction materials is paramount to safeguarding occupants, pedestrians and owners alike. In the video below, you’ll see one of the major processes that helps us ensure the integrity of these materials for you: compression testing. Here’s a step-by-step guide of this compression testing process: 🔷 Step 1: Place the concrete cylinder into position on the compression test machine and align it vertically with the spherical head. 🔷 Step 2: Add about 10% of the anticipated load and check perpendicularity with the alignment device. This helps verify the proper alignment of concrete cylinders during compressive strength testing. 🔷 Step 3: Wrap the concrete cylinder with specially designed canvas wraps to minimize shattering when a cylinder is broken during compression testing. 🔷 Step 4: Close the door or place a form of protective covering over the front of the machine to safeguard those in close proximity from any concrete shards during the testing. 🔷 Step 5: Ensure you have the proper diameter and loading rate set into your compression machine and run the test until compression failure is achieved. If your machine is fully automated like ours, simply press a button and the computer will take care of the rest. 🔷 Step 6: Record final readings to ensure accurate data collection. If you’re in need of construction materials testing, please don’t hesitate to get in touch today! Give us a call at (516) 548-0017 to inquire about our full list of service offerings. #MaterialsTesting #CompressionTesting #SafetyFirst #CompressiveStrength #QualityAssurance #Engineering #Concrete #LMC #LMCMaterialsTesting #ICC #ACI #Engineers #Inspectors #Construction