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From a study of over 6000 cable failures A 2021 field report investigated the data from over 6000 cable failures over a 14-year period (reference below). The report classified the failures into four different types. 57 % - Cable insulation failures The main cause of failure for an underground cable network is the cable itself. For older cables with oil impregnated paper insulation failure are caused by paper degradation due to moisture, despite their lead-alloy sheath which is waterproof. For XLPE insulated cables the main cause of failure is dielectric breakdown due to the water tree phenomenon. Cable insulation failures were positively correlated with monthly average temperature, their current loading but not rainfall levels. 23 % - Cable joint failures Joints are necessary and installing them is time-consuming and must be carefully carried out in strict compliance with manufacturer procedures. The report indicated that “hot” joints are a major reason for the relatively high number of faults from joints. 11 % - Excavation-caused failures Whenever human behaviour is involved, things get interesting! Failures from external mechanical damage such as during excavations are a serious issue. If an excavator hits a cable, then the insulation will break down due to the mechanical damage. Another less likely cause of failure due to mechanical stress is installing cables and exceeding the minimum bending radius of the cables. What’s not surprising is excavation failures are much less likely to occur when it’s not a workday (weekend) or when it’s lunchtime (12pm). Very interestingly the report found that excavation-caused failures are 8% higher than expected on non-rainy days and 21% lower than expected on rainy days. It seems that workers are much more careful during times when the weather conditions are poor. 9 % - Secondary substation failures Faults on connected switchgear resulted in a good proportion of cable faults. Low temperatures and the ambient temperature difference with the dew point as well as high rainfall causes a higher likelihood of switchgear busbar faults which causes failure of connected cables. Reference Louro, M., Ferreira, A.F.M., “MV underground distribution network failures and correlation to ambient variables.”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2021.

Construction sites can be incredibly dangerous, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimating there are 150,000 construction site accidents per year alone. That’s why monitoring something such as voltage is very important to ensuring safety. TandD has multiple data loggers that can measure and record voltage. One of them, the MCR-4V is a large capacity four channel data logger for voltage. It can measure up to 24 volts and is ideal for measuring voltage and current signals for a long period of time due to its large internal memory. You can see the MCR-4V and other voltage data loggers here https://bit.ly/2OxVbxK

𝐒𝐨𝐢𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐓𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬 1. Conventional Roller: A conventional roller compacts soil by applying static pressure through its weight. 2. Impact Rolling: Impact rolling uses a vibrating roller to impart dynamic forces into the soil, aiding compaction. 3. Rapid Dynamic Compaction: Rapid dynamic compaction involves dropping a heavy weight repeatedly onto the soil to densify it. 4. Dynamic Compaction: Dynamic compaction uses a heavy weight dropped from a significant height to create a shockwave that compacts the soil. Remember, these ranges are approximate and can vary based on specific soil conditions, moisture content, and compaction equipment used. Always consult with a geotechnical engineer before choosing a compaction method and determining the appropriate compaction parameters.

Proper ground resistance testing matters (in this case, by an additional ~250 ground rods)! We’re wrapping up a 150MWh BESS project in California, including an IEEE-80 grounding analysis. The project's ground grid design was based off of our software model which uses a measured soil resistivity as a critical input. However, after construction and upon measurement in the field using the fall-of-potential test, it was found the ground grid did not meet the IEEE requirements. Based on the FOP results, when remodeling the site we found we'd need an additional 270 ground rods (and thousands more feet of copper of GEC)! We then had a local testing agency hired to retest the soil and it was discovered that the initial soil reports were done during the rainy season (wet soil = lower resistivity) with short electrodes. They also reperformed the FOP test using 8ft electrodes to get more accurate readings. The results of the new testing confirmed that no corrective action would be needed, and our initial model and design was accurate. When engineering firms like ours model complex systems, we have to rely on the input data we’re given. Local knowledge is critical as well as experienced contractors who can follow the appropriate testing standards! Nice work here from John Fossum Fadi S. Kasem, PE #BESS #IEEE

"Earthing work involves the installation and maintenance of grounding systems to ensure safety, protect equipment, and comply with regulatory standards. It encompasses soil analysis, precise installation techniques, and ongoing maintenance to mitigate electrical hazards and optimize performance." . . #earthing #earth #current #electricity

Understanding Thermocouple Properties and Temperature Ranges As detailed by Instrumentation Tools in their article “Thermocouple Properties, Temperature Ranges, Element Construction,” thermocouples are essential for measuring temperature in various industrial settings. They can be used in a range of environments, including vacuum, oxidizing, reducing, and inert atmospheres, depending on the type of thermocouple. Type T (Copper vs Constantan) Type T thermocouples can be used in vacuum, oxidizing, reducing, and inert atmospheres and are resistant to corrosion in most environments. They offer high stability at sub-zero temperatures, making them reliable for cryogenic applications. Read more: https://lnkd.in/es38qW5s

Water Well Diagram

This could be fixed by a number of Trenchless Solutions! Relining or Patching.💪

Flow Monitoring Solutions The flow monitoring solutions available within surface water engineering for the estimation of discharge in open channels can be broadly grouped under direct and indirect methods. The selection of appropriate flow monitoring solution is dependent on the following key criteria for a monitoring site. It’s important to understand that no single flow monitoring solution is suitable for all applications and that the appropriate solution is governed by the key criteria outlined below. a)     Monitoring Objectives b)     Site Conditions c)     Hydraulic Conditions d)     Resources The direct flow monitoring methods comprises of techniques that performs a physical measurement in the channel to estimate the discharge, with the following some of the key techniques used in the industry, a)     Flow Gauging Weirs (e.g Crump Weir) b)     Streamflow Gauging (e.g. ADCP, RiverSurveyor M9) c)     Index Velocity Method d)     In-Situ Flow Gauging (e.g. ADVM, SonTek IQ) e)     Non-Contact Flow Gauging (e.g. Surface Velocity) f)      Water Level / Surface Water Slope Indirect flow monitoring methods comprises of techniques that applies hydraulic principles to a channel reach to estimate the discharge based on a series of channel cross sections, bed slope and channel roughness coefficients, with the following outlining some of the techniques used in the industry. Direct flow monitoring methods such as streamflow gauging’s, water elevation, surface water slope, etc. can be used to further calibrate indirect flow monitoring methods. a)     Manning / Chezy’s Formula b)     Culvert, Pipe and Bridge Hydraulics c)     Continuous Slope Area Method d)     Physical based Models (e.g Backwater) The case study presented provide a broad overview of the process followed in setting up a physical based model. Installing traditional flow monitoring sites was not an option and a decision was made to develop a one-dimensional steady flow hydraulic model. The development of the hydraulic model required a series of cross section surveys at key locations along the river reach. In addition to the cross-section surveys, water level sensors were installed at strategic locations to collect water elevation data that will be used to further calibrate the hydraulic model. #hydrology #hydrometry #discharge #ratings #gauging #quality #acoustics #waterengineering #watermanagement #floodmanagement #data #adcp #water #waterandwastewater #waterinfrastructure #flood #floodcontrol #sontek #xylem 

OUR NEW MODELS ARE ON SALE 😆😆 Hydraulic modeling is used to design the behavior of water, sewer or flood systems. This modeling is used to plan infrastructure improvements, develop operational maintenance strategies, and proactively manage the system. Network Management in Drinking Water Lines consists of the following steps: Network Analysis and Design (Hydraulic Modeling) Creating a Traceable and Sustainable Network Leak Detection and Pressure Management Training and Technical Support These steps are important for the effective management of water distribution networks. Hydraulic modeling software can assist with pressure management and cost analysis. Creating isolation subzones allows more effective monitoring of the system. Field verification of DMAs is performed, measurement points are determined, and model calibration is performed to create a traceable and sustainable network. It includes techniques such as leak detection and pressure management, field surveys, night analysis, early warning systems and correlation. Pressure management ensures that the system is managed with optimum pressure. Finally, Hydraulic Model calibration is important for drinking water systems to adapt to changing conditions over time. Don't forget to visit our website for more information. www.aykome.com.tr #aykome #sensor #flowmeter #leakage-free #hydraulicmodeling