Kunal Kapoor’s Post

Decoding the Intricacies of LTE Initial Attach Packet Flow 📶 Ever wondered about the orchestration behind LTE Initial Attach? Let's delve into the intricate flow of packets that define this crucial process: 1️⃣ Attach Request: The UE signals its desire to connect by sending an Attach Request to the eNodeB. 2️⃣ Initial UE Message: This message encapsulates the Attach Request, marking the UE's initiation of the connection process. 3️⃣ Authentication Information Request & Answer: The MME seeks authentication information from the HSS, which responds with necessary credentials for the UE. 4️⃣ Authentication Request & Response: The MME initiates authentication with the UE, which responds with authentication credentials. 5️⃣ Security Mode Command & Complete: Parameters for secure communication are established between the MME and UE. 6️⃣ Update Location Request & Response: The network updates the UE's location for seamless connectivity management. 7️⃣ Create Session Request & Response: The MME orchestrates session creation with SGW and PGW, ensuring data routing efficiency. 8️⃣ Attach Accept: Finally, the MME grants attachment, providing temporary resources for UE communication. Understanding this flow is pivotal for optimizing network performance and ensuring a seamless user experience. Let's continue decoding modern telecom concepts! #LTE #PacketFlow #Network #Telecom🚀 Source:- Kunal Kapoor Scan This QR Code for Interesting Outcome for Attach process call flow .

Network Slicing Network slicing allows telecom operators to partition a single physical network into multiple virtual networks, each optimized for specific applications or user groups. This technology is essential for supporting diverse services and requirements in 5G networks.

📌 What is 5G Baseband Unit (BBU)? Baseband, which is the modem layer for 5G networks, has evolved through multiple steps as compared to 4G networks. 5G technology provides an exponential increase in bandwidth and the number of connections and services offered, so implementing baseband transmission is a key architecture decision that will impact the design of the entire network. To reduce cost of deployment and operations, carriers have been deploying a newer structure that includes Centralized Radio Access Network (C-RAN) and virtualized Radio Access Network (v-RAN) technologies. To support the new architecture that is needed, 5G network’s classic layer—Baseband Unit (BBU)—has been split into the Distributed Unit (DU), which forms the lower layer, and the Centralized Unit (CU), which forms the upper layer. The 5G Baseband Unit is the most critical component of the 5G Base Station The 5G baseband unit connects with Radio Unit and processes the protocol stack and forwards traffic to the 5GC. 5G baseband unit connects 5G Radio Units, processes all 5G protocols, and manages connectivity to the 5G core. hashtag #telecommunication hashtag #bbu hashtag #ran hashtag #5G

✳✳ Simplified VoLTE registration procedure✳✳ There are 2 crucial steps to register to VoLTE (Voice over LTE) services : ✔ Step1 :  The device must first register with the EPC (Evolved Packet Core). This initial registration to EPC will provide the necessary IP connectivity 1️⃣ . 𝐀𝐭𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭: The UE (User Equipment) sends an attach request to the MME (Mobility Management Entity). 2️⃣ . 𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: The MME authenticates the UE. 3️⃣ . 𝐒𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: A default bearer is established between the UE and the EPC. 4️⃣ . 𝐈𝐏 𝐀𝐝𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐀𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: The UE receives an IP address. ✔ Step2 : Then the device will do another registration to the IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) network. 1️⃣ 𝐒𝐈𝐏 𝐑𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐌𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞: The UE sends a SIP REGISTER message to the P-CSCF (Proxy-Call Session Control Function). 2️⃣ . 𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: The P-CSCF forwards this message to the I-CSCF (Interrogating-CSCF) and then to the S-CSCF (Serving-CSCF) for authentication. 3️⃣ . 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: The S-CSCF completes the registration process by updating the HSS (Home Subscriber Server) with the registration status of UE. 4️⃣ . 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐎𝐊 𝐌𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞: The S-CSCF sends a 200 OK response back through the I-CSCF and P-CSCF to the UE, confirming the registration. #3GPP #VoLTE #IMS

4G Core Network

LTE 1 : What is Difference between MIB and SIB in LTE? Answer : In #LTE (Long-Term Evolution) networks, #MIB (Master Information Block) and #SIB (System Information Block) are both components of the broadcast information that is periodically transmitted by the base station to all mobile devices within its coverage area. These information blocks play crucial roles in network synchronization, configuration, and operation. Here's a brief explanation of the differences between MIB and SIB: 1. Master Information Block (MIB): A. Role: The MIB is a fundamental element of system information and contains essential information that helps the mobile device quickly synchronize with the LTE network. B. Content: It includes information such as the cell identity (Physical Cell ID), frame configuration, and system bandwidth. C. Transmission: The MIB is transmitted periodically, typically every 40 ms, and it is sent on the broadcast channel (PBCH - Physical Broadcast Channel). 2. System Information Block (SIB): A. Role: SIBs provide more detailed and dynamic information about the LTE network, such as cell-specific parameters, neighbouring cell information, and radio resource configuration. B. Content: SIBs are organized into different blocks (SIB1, SIB2, SIB3, etc.), each serving a specific purpose. For example, SIB1 includes information about cell reselection and access control parameters, while other SIBs contain information related to handover, scheduling, and additional cell-specific details. C.Transmission: Unlike the MIB, SIBs are transmitted less frequently and are usually sent at a lower rate (e.g., every 80 ms, 160 ms, etc.). SIBs are transmitted on dedicated channels, such as the SIB1 on the SIB1 channel, SIB2 on the SIB2 channel, and so on. In summary, while the MIB focuses on basic synchronization and fundamental network parameters, SIBs provide more detailed and diverse information that aids in the proper functioning and optimization of the LTE network. MIB is broadcast more frequently and is essential for initial synchronization, while SIBs are transmitted less frequently and contain more specific and dynamic information about the network. TheTelecomEngineer

The natural evolution of traditional service delivery platforms: Telecoms Low Code. ECT's Telecoms Low Code integrates into the telecoms network independently of the network technology in use (TDM, softswitch, IMS, VoLTE, 4G, 5G, etc.) With this platform, the old rigid telecom protocols become easily programmable as drag-and-drop modules. As a result, new value-added services and apps can be created using pre-tested building blocks. Reaction times are shorter because the handling of change requests, expansions, and individualization no longer requires the intervention of programmers. Innovation is accelerated because programmers are freed up to focus on creating new building blocks. Click the link to read more and request a demo: https://ow.ly/G8u350QpVvN #SDP #LowCode #Telecoms #Telecom #VAS

The natural evolution of traditional service delivery platforms: Telecoms Low Code. ECT's Telecoms Low Code integrates into the telecoms network independently of the network technology in use \(TDM, softswitch, IMS, VoLTE, 4G, 5G, etc.\) With this platform, the old rigid telecom protocols become easily programmable as drag-and-drop modules. As a result, new value-added services and apps can be created using pre-tested building blocks. Reaction times are shorter because the handling of change requests, expansions, and individualization no longer requires the intervention of programmers. Innovation is accelerated because programmers are freed up to focus on creating new building blocks. Click the link to read more and request a demo: https://lnkd.in/dAFd56cv #SDP #LowCode #Telecoms #Telecom #VAS

Understanding 5G NSA Deployment Options: 3, 3A, and 3X Are you curious about the intricacies of 5G NSA deployment options? Let's break it down into Option 3, 3A, and 3X! Option 3: In this setup, all uplink/downlink data flows through the LTE part of the LTE/NR base station. The LTE eNB decides which data to forward to the 5G gNB over the Xx interface. Put simply, direct communication between the 5G gNB and the 4G core network doesn't occur. Option 3A: Here, both the LTE eNB and the 5G gNB can communicate directly with the EPS core network. However, they cannot directly communicate with each other over the Xx (X2) interface. This can impact scenarios where a single data bearer needs to share the load between LTE and NR. Option 3X: A blend of Options 3 and 3A, in Option 3X, user data traffic flows directly to the 5G gNB. Some data can also be forwarded over the X2 interface to the 4G eNB part of the base station and then to the user equipment. This setup is advantageous for leveraging the superior IP interface of the 5G upgrade to handle higher data rates. Understanding these options is crucial for optimizing network deployment strategies and ensuring efficient utilization of resources in 5G NSA deployments. #5G #Telecommunications #NetworkDeployment #NSA #LTE #5GNR #Connectivity #WirelessCommunication #Private4G #Private5G #RANEngineer #COREEngineer #5GTechnology #4GLTE #OpenForWork  #CareerSearch #hirings #LookingForOpportunities #JobSeeker #SeekingEmployment #AvailableForWork #HireMe #JobSearch #CareerOpportunities #EmploymentSeeker

4G Core Network (Evolved Packet Core) As name signifies, this is the evolved flat architecture focused on delivering packet services. For circuit switch services, it has to either inter-work with legacy CS core network (termed as fallback) or with IP Multimedia System IMS (Voice over IP/LTE). To get access to the network, user is first authenticated, registered and then move across different areas/technologies - the key core node to do this function is MME (Mobility Management Entity). MME continuously interact with HSS (Home Subscriber Server), which stores and updates the database containing all the user subscription information including User identification. If services are allowed in the HSS for the user, then only user can access to those services. After control plane, there is a user plane interface establishing between RAN and core network and core node that comes in picture is SGW (Serving Gateway) - Packet forwarding/routing is done here. Then comes the PGW (Packet data network gateway), which provides connectivity to external packet data networks (e.g. internet) by being the point of exit and entry of traffic for the UE. PCRF (Policy charging and rule function) is responsible for making policy decisions and charging rules and interacts with PGW. PCRF can be integrated with different platforms like billing, rating, charging, and subscriber database or can be deployed as a standalone entity. Above mentioned nodes have many other functions and are highlighted below. (Ref - 3GPP) 👉 To learn about 4G LTE end to end, refer to the course at - https://lnkd.in/e7yGMsjR #telecom #technology #learning #platform #itelcotech #4g