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Just Read: More of a long (115-page) essay than a book. And, in parts, a somewhat tough slog. But Grayling’s 2024 publication sees him turn his gaze to the reality of increasing levels of competition in space - by both state and private actors - including its rapid militarisation and the growing risk of potential conflict - the risk of a ‘tragedy of the commons’. And it is here where his work starts, exploring concepts such as the global commons, global public good and humanity’s province. Grayling explores both the 2023 High Seas Treaty (an instrument of the 1982 UNCLOS) and the Antarctic Treaty of 1961 (and related instruments collectively known as the ATS), as a means of considering the challenges of better managing what is unfolding in space. (In examining the Antarctica Treaty, his analysis of the rivalry between Argentina and Chile brings back memories of David Grant’s recently reviewed and excellent ‘The Wager’). In addition, he looks to the dynamics that spurred what became known as the ‘scramble for Africa’ for an analogy as to what could occur in space. And this is as he steps his way to his main conclusion - that the 1967 UN Outer Space Treaty - which he describes as essentially a Cold War arms control treaty - is inadequate for the situation that we find ourselves in today. We are, he argues, at a tipping-point (‘a space Wild-West is coming into existence’), one potentially exacerbated by the presence of private actors as part of a commercial ‘gold rush’, not to mention state-led efforts at militarisation. Read mainly at 34,000 feet and within the well-defined and carefully managed sovereign confines of national airspace, ‘Who Owns the Moon?’ is about an increasingly more ambigous and inadequately defined regime that extends beyond the Karman line, including its celestial matter. #bookreview #space #geopolitics #Antarctica #HighSeas #globalcommons #untreaty #tippingpoint

"Today in history, we celebrate breakthroughs and pivotal moments that have shaped our world – from groundbreaking technological innovations to landmark social progress." - **1960**: The first televised U.S. presidential debate took place between John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon, a landmark event in American political history. - **1580**: Sir Francis Drake completed his circumnavigation of the globe, sailing into Plymouth Harbour, England, marking a significant milestone in maritime exploration. - **1918**: The Meuse-Argonne Offensive began, involving over 1 million American soldiers in the largest and most costly offensive of World War I. - **1687**: The Acropolis in Athens was attacked by the Venetian army, resulting in significant damage to the Parthenon, a historical and cultural tragedy. - **1815**: Russia, Prussia, and Austria signed the Holy Alliance, a treaty aimed at maintaining the post-Napoleonic order in Europe. - **1905**: Albert Einstein published his first article on the special theory of relativity, revolutionizing physics and our understanding of space and time. - **1950**: Seoul was retaken from North Korean forces by the United Nations, a crucial turning point in the Korean War. #TodayInHistory #HistoricalEvents #TechnologicalInnovations #SocialProgress #PresidentialDebate #MaritimeExploration #WorldWarI #WWI #MeuseArgonne #Acropolis #VenetianArmy #HolyAlliance #NapoleonicEra #SpecialTheoryOfRelativity #AlbertEinstein #KoreanWar #UNForces #PivotalMoments #HistoryMatters #TimelineOfHistory

And so now back to the History of Decisions Chapter 1 Footprints on the Moon Eight days after the Soviets propelled the first human being into space, just one day after the Bay of Pigs ended in America’s humiliation, the 35th president of the United Stated wrote this memorandum to the man who would one day be the 36th President of the United States. It was dated April 20,1961. With that memo John Kennedy cranked up the ponderous mill of federal decision making that ultimately would send the United States on its way to the moon, spend 25billion of public money, harness the adventure and test the faith of some, arouse the doubt and anger of others. In less than 200 words, he set the wealthiest nation in history toward a goal that poets dreamt of, that primitive had worshipped. So as we are looking in history, we should reflect today before trying to place more footprints in the future as one global push again for a never ending goal. Our morals and values as human kind are so much more important than having a title of power, where ecological evolution was pending on earth to be able to solve the equation to further development. We are now reversed to consider going back to the chapters, concerning 1 and then 3 And the base two is what is now and its for you to make the choice on what you believe is the best for the development of our youth to whom will be our elders and legacies living? Let’s not fail that attempt again. Or try to steal a home base and get caught in the act.

World 🌎 history that happened on February 3: 1. **1690:** The Massachusetts Bay Colony issued the first paper money in the American colonies. 2. **1870:** The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, granting African American men the right to vote. 3. **1913:** The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, giving Congress the power to levy income taxes. 4. **1945:** World War II: The Allied forces recaptured the Philippine capital, Manila, from Japanese forces. 5. **1959:** Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson died in a plane crash in Iowa, a tragedy often referred to as "The Day the Music Died." 6. **1966:** The Soviet spacecraft Luna 9 became the first to successfully transmit photographs of the moon's surface. 7. **2005:** The Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, entered into force. These are just a few highlights; there are many more events in history that occurred on February 3.

June 8 holds significance for several reasons: 1. **World Oceans Day**: Established by the United Nations in 2008, this day raises awareness about the importance of the oceans and promotes sustainable management of their resources. 2. **Significant Historical Events**: - In 1783, the Laki volcano in Iceland began an eight-month eruption, leading to major climate impacts and significant loss of life. - In 1867, Frank Lloyd Wright, a famous American architect, was born. - In 1968, James Earl Ray, the assassin of Martin Luther King Jr., was arrested. 3. **Cultural and National Observances**: Various countries may celebrate specific holidays or anniversaries on this date. These are some of the key reasons June 8 is notable.

The increasing intensity of the Light waves is a sign of the accelerated evolution that is taking place, pushing humanity towards a higher state of awareness and unity.

Historically, sea power - the ability to employ the sea in achieving national interests - has required more than a shift in operational focus toward the maritime domain; it involves adopting a much broader national and strategic culture that is able to channel significant resources away from the land and toward the sea. Throughout history nations which were not willing to make the necessary terrestrial sacrifices to build sea power have had to fight a culture deeply rooted in the land. Geoffrey Till points out that, since ancient times, seafaring communities have developed a distinctive culture which can be found across both time and space all over the world. He gives an example of the Vikings having it in their "spirit of adventure, enterprise, curiosity and greed. Likewise, James G. Stavridis describes the "uncertainty and sense of adventure" that sailors have felt going back two thousand years or more. These sentiments are remarkably similar to the "healthy excitement of exploration and adventure" that Alfred Thayer Mahan argued is an important element of the national character needed for sea power. Andrew Lambert, one of the most accomplished naval historians currently active, argues that sea power requires "actively constructing a cultural identity focused on the sea." Historically, sea powers not only built ships and ports but infused their cultured with nautical themes. Their art, architecture and public spaces highlighted the role of the sea in the national character.

The first Monday in March every year is Guam History and Chamorro Heritage Day -- this year it falls on March 4. In recognition of this important day, take a look back at last year’s project led by National Park Service researchers on Guam to further our understanding of one of the most significant invasions of the World War II Pacific theater and assess how war-related impacts on the coast, seafloor, and barrier coral reef may have impacted the island’s ecosystem and coastal vulnerability: https://lnkd.in/eQCjip7D [Image: A researcher dives on an Amtrac amphibious tractor, one of the few currently known underwater relics from the 1944 invasion of Guam. Image courtesy of National Park Service via Guam: A Biogeographic and Maritime Cultural Landscape Exploration of a WWII Amphibious Battlefield.] #ocean #exploration #guam #chamorro #chamoru #heritage #maritimehistory #WWII

Esther E Galbraith’s one-act play The Brink of Silence is based on the theme of an expedition to Antarctica. She has skillfully incorporated a moving tale of a doomed explorer within the drama genre. An expedition to Antarctica was headed by Englishman Gilbert Darton and his troops. It was a futile endeavour. The awful conditions on the continent cost him every man. ...READ MORE #english #englishclasses #englishteacher #englishlanguage #englishlearning

"Elizabeth, their powerful lioness, looked no longer capable of defending her cubs. Davis continued to jab his pointed finger threateningly near Elizabeth`s face. “Your cabinet can still contribute to their responsibilities from here but they cannot make decisions. None of you have any power over the military or the police. Thomas and I are taking charge of those divisions.” The PM could detect ever stronger waves of hostile energy shooting towards her. She felt as if she was drowning in a sea of emotions, drowning in hopelessness and helplessness. She suddenly felt even weaker and dizzy, she abruptly slumped onto the table seemingly unconscious. Her head knocked onto the table as if she had been physically punched." Sign up on thexgates.com to read the whole article #thexgates #txg #aliens #humans #spirituality #technology #earth #space #articles #literaryproject #authors #research #joinus #signup #articlesforsales #conspiracytheories #mysteries #reptilians #angels #robots #spacewars #hollowearth #esotericism #ancientwisdom #ancientaliens #artificialintelligence #virtualreality #mindcontrol #newworldorder #earthsenergy #unknowphenomena #ancientworld #folklore #nibiru #exobiology #anunnaki #life #mars #timetravels