PGAL’s Post

🚀Lecture 10 🔥Geotechnical engineering 👨🏻🏫Hydrometer analysis of the fines portion The Hydrometer analysis is a geotechnical test for determining soil particle size distribution, especially for silt and clay. Soil is dispersed in water, allowed to settle, and its density measured with a hydrometer over time. This data is analyzed using Stokes' Law, to classify soil by its particle sizes. #geotechnicalengineering #geology #education #civilengineering #ocgeoingenieria #ocgeoengineering

We are delighted to have secured outstanding speakers for keynote lectures at the Clay Conference 2024. Keynote speakers have been invited as experts in their respective fields and will give insights into latest developments of their research/application and set the scene for detailled talks in specialised parallel sessions. One keynote presentation per day will be held in the plenary hall, lasting 30 minutes each. Today we present 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 𝗟𝗮𝘂𝘁𝘀𝗰𝗵 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗕𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝘀𝗴𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗹𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗳𝘁 𝗳ü𝗿 𝗘𝗻𝗱𝗹𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗿𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆. His keynote lecture will be about: 𝗞𝗢𝗡𝗥𝗔𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 - 𝗚𝗥𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗-𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗟 𝗜𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗬 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗔 The bedrock of the Konrad repository is characterized by a complex geology. While the emplacement horizon is in competent iron ore strata, the infrastructure of the repository is situated in different layers of clay. One of the many clay strata of the Konrad stratigraphy is the “Fladentonsteinserie”, where the inlet of shaft 2 into the second level is located. In comparison to other clay layers the Fladentonsteinserie shows a distinctive squeezing behavior. While crystalline systems and sandstone become stable after years of rock mass movement the Fladentonsteinserie stays mobile for many decades. This effect is enhanced at the inlet of shaft 2 into the second level because there are a lot of tectonic fractures nearby. The system of the outer lining is installed directly after excavation in multiple steps. It is complex and includes rock bolting, shotcreting and injections to control the ground. But due to the longterm mobility of the Fladentonsteinserie also the design of the inner lining is extremely strong with high quality concrete combined with lots of steel to deal with the abutment stress. We have learned, when building a repository in clay, you have to consider the characteristics of the different clay formations to find a suitable ground control system. This ground control system should not only consist of rock bolts and shotcrete but also of intelligent design of geometry and stratigraphical setting.

🔵 In geological exploration, it's fascinating how we can investigate and identify past events on Earth, similar to how forensic detectives work. By examining evidence like geological formations, we can scrutinize and narrate the history of what occurred with great precision. 🔘 In this video, you're seeing a formation called an anticline/syncline in geology. Put simply, layers and strata initially deposited over time. Then, due to tectonic movements, these layers were compressed between adjacent plates. When this compression results in an upward fold, we have an anticline, and when it folds downward, it's a syncline. Over time, due to erosion, this anticline has lost its upper layers. What we witness in the film is a beautifully depicted illustration of this gradual erosion impacting the once-visible structure. 📚 In structural geology, an anticline is a type of fold that is an arch-like shape and has its oldest beds at its core, whereas a syncline is the inverse of an anticline. A typical anticline is convex up in which the hinge or crest is the location where the curvature is greatest, and the limbs are the sides of the fold that dip away from the hinge. Anticlines can be recognized and differentiated from antiforms by a sequence of rock layers that become progressively older toward the center of the fold. Therefore, if age relationships between various rock strata are unknown, the term antiform should be used. #NATURALSTONES #architecture #nachhaltigkeit #kommunikation #marketing #ideas #branding #marketingstrategy #design #natursteine #architecturedesign #SiamakEkhtary #projekt #sustainability #bauprojekt #naturalstoneswholesale #Großhändler #architecture #geologie #deutschland #geology #FOLD #consulting #wholsale #productivity #artdesign #ANTICLINE

June American Mineralogist: The space-time architecture variation of the shallow magmatic plumbing systems feeding the Campi Flegrei and Ischia volcanoes (Southern Italy) from halogen constraints https://lnkd.in/gcA4Ajum Balcone-Boissard et al. provide new constraints on the space-time architecture of the shallow magmatic systems of Campi Flegrei and Ischia volcanoes. First, the authors show that Cl acts as a geobarometer for alkaline magmas emitted at the volcanoes. Second, they highlight a contrasted architecture and dynamics of magma plumbing system of ignimbritic eruptions compared to Plinian eruptions. Finally, they suggest that the whole H-C-O-S-Cl-F system needs to be considered when discussing volatile behavior. The results have implications for volcanic hazard assessment.

🪨 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗦𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 > Slate is a fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock that originates from shale under low-grade regional metamorphism. Its composition mainly includes quartz, muscovite, chlorite, and occasionally, biotite. This metamorphic process results in a rock with a distinct cleavage, making slate an essential material in both geology and industry. 📌 𝗜𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗦𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲:  > Slate has been valued for centuries, not just for its natural beauty but for its practical applications. Its durability and resistance to weathering make it an ideal choice for roofing, flooring, and outdoor paving. In the geological field, slate serves as an indicator of the pressure and temperature conditions during metamorphism, helping scientists understand the Earth's tectonic history. 🔬 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗰𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗰 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰𝘀: > Under the microscope, slate reveals its fine-grained texture and foliation, where the alignment of its mineral grains is evident. The minerals in slate are typically too small to be identified with the naked eye, but under a microscope, you can observe the parallel arrangement of platy minerals like muscovite and chlorite. This foliation is responsible for the rock's ability to split into thin, smooth sheets a characteristic known as slaty cleavage. 🔎 Slate is not just a material of the past; it continues to play a vital role in modern architecture and geology. Whether you're a geologist examining its structure or an architect selecting materials, slate is a rock that exemplifies both strength and elegance. #Geology #Slate #MetamorphicRocks #Microscopy #NaturalResources #MaterialsScience

Lecture 7 Geotechnical Engineering The engineering of clays 🚀⚛️ Cool and educational on clays, one of the most complex and intriguing geomaterials made by Mother Earth. They work like magic but there are profound chemical and physical phenomena occurring in them that explain fascinating geotechnical behavior 🚨🔥 Clays are composed of fine-grained minerals such as kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite, with particle size of less than 2 microns. These minerals influence the physical and chemical properties of geotechnical relevance like plasticity, cohesion, and water absorption. 👨🏻🏫 Clays pose challenges due to their high compressibility and low permeability, potentially inducing significant settlement and stability of structures. Their behavior under load is critical when water content changes, impacting the design of foundations, embankments, among others. #engineering #science #geology #technology #creativity #ocgeoengineering #ocgeoingenieria ⏩ Felipe Ochoa Cornejo 👨🏻🏫🇨🇱 for more state of the art science, engineering, geology, and technology

Terrace of mid-fan delta deposition, showing the bed of fine to coarse sediments with planar cross-stratification. This 41m exposed surface at Duwakot represents the upper portion of Gokarna Formation. It shows the transgressive pattern at the basal part while the upper portion is dominated by regressive pattern of deposition. A numerous small bed up to the 40cm of the coal seam and a pair of diatomaceous beds are also featured in this section. Also, plant remains and wooden fragments are found in clay and silty clay beds. This section is composed of prodelta and delta facies with delta facies dominating the other one. All together, this is a prime example of how fluvial-deltaic depositional environment over a basin looks like in a sectional view. #Stratigraphy, #Facies, #sediments, #Sedimentology, #Turbidites, #Deltafacies, #Fluvial, #Depositional environment, #Sequence stratigraphy, #Gokarna Fm, #Fossils.

The use of hydraulics in the ancient, although not a new concept, this discovery would suggest a very much earlier date of the use of hydraulics in the ancient world. It would also suggest the first time hydraulics was used in pyramid construction. A very informative article with detailed diagrams. “In the Pyramid of Djoser’s case, a water source appears to have channeled through multiple compartments, allowing the sediment to settle while passing through each successive chamber. After traveling through the compartments, some of the water then likely flowed into pyramid shafts built to help builders raise massive building stones to their desired positions. What is particularly interesting is that, although many societies didn’t use check dams for filtration, it appears the pyramid’s may have also served as an water treatment facility. Additionally, the Pyramid of Djoser’s dam predates some of the earliest known examples by hundreds, if not thousands, of years. #ancienthydraulics #egyptsoldestpyramid #PyramidOfDjoser

Formative conditions and sedimentary structures of sandy 3D antidunes; an application of the gravel step-pool model to fine-grained sand in an experimental flume https://t.co/uO5mYMtDkU #EurekaMag

🌎Quarrying Natural Stone involve several steps, from the initial discovery of a deposit to the final processing of the stone. Here I want to give a short explanation about first steps Exploration include: 1. Geological survey: Conduct surveys to identify potential deposits of natural stone. Geological maps and physical testing may be utilized 2. Sampling: Extract sample from the site to assess quality, type, and quantity of stone available. Site Preparation: 1. Clearing the Area: Remove vegetation, debris, and surface layers to access the stone deposit 2. Access Roads: Build roads or paths for equipment and transportation of materials 3. Infrastructure Development: Set up necessary infrastructure such as water supply, power, and storage facilities. Extract Planning: 1. Quarry Design: Develope a detailed plan for how the quarry will be laid out, including areas to be mined and support zones 2. Technique Selection: Choose quarrying methods based on the type of stone and geological conditions (e.g, open-pit, underground) #Naturalstone #Quarry #Exploration #Quarryingprocess #Marble