Philip Crooker, Esq.’s Post

"This study reveals that 25% of all discoveries since 1900 did not apply the common scientific method (all three features)—with 6% of discoveries using no observation, 23% using no experimentation, and 17% not testing a hypothesis. Empirical evidence thus challenges the common view of the scientific method. Adhering to it as a guiding principle would constrain us in developing many new scientific ideas and breakthroughs. Instead, assessing all major discoveries, we identify here a general, common feature that the method of science can be reduced to: making all major discoveries has required using sophisticated methods and instruments of science. These include statistical methods, particle accelerators, and X-ray methods. Such methods extend our mind and generally make observing, experimenting, and testing hypotheses in science possible, doing so in new ways and ensure their applicability." – Alexander Krauss https://lnkd.in/dnm8ueMh

"Examining science's major discoveries, we find that the common scientific method (the combined use of observation, experimentation, and hypothesis testing) is applied in making 71% of all discoveries; and the share is 75% for all discoveries in contemporary science, defined as all Nobel Prize and major non-Nobel Prize discoveries since 1900. Among all major scientific discoveries, we find that 94% have required using observation, 81% testing a hypothesis, and 75% experimentation —with some hypotheses tested using experimental research designs and others using only observation. Science thus does not always fit the textbook definition." https://lnkd.in/dZABEVdJ

I only read the abstract but was interesting. "Using data on all major discoveries across science including all Nobel Prize and major non-Nobel Prize discoveries, we can address the question of the extent to which 'the scientific method' (testing hypotheses using observation and experimentation) is actually applied in making science's groundbreaking research and whether we need to expand this central concept of science. This study reveals that 25% of all discoveries since 1900 did not apply the common scientific method (all three features)—with 6% of discoveries using no observation, 23% using no experimentation, and 17% not testing a hypothesis. Empirical evidence thus challenges the common view of the scientific method. Adhering to it as a guiding principle would constrain us in developing many new scientific ideas and breakthroughs. Instead, assessing all major discoveries, we identify here a general, common feature that the method of science can be reduced to: making all major discoveries has required using sophisticated methods and instruments of science. These include statistical methods, particle accelerators, and X-ray methods. Such methods extend our mind and generally make observing, experimenting, and testing hypotheses in science possible, doing so in new ways and ensure their replicability. This provides a new perspective to the scientific method—embedded in our sophisticated methods and instruments—and suggests that we need to reform and extend the way we view the scientific method and discovery process." Via Marginal Revolution (https://bit.ly/3KiZNoj) https://lnkd.in/gS5D4cP6

In the International Open Access Week, I would like to share a collection of #openaccess research articles published in the #Elsevier journal Applied Surface Science Advances (https://lnkd.in/ebbMpB7N). (1) Avoiding common errors in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data collection and analysis, and properly reporting instrument parameters (https://lnkd.in/dfHisSyE) (2) Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy: Practical aspects and best practices (https://lnkd.in/dSrv9SFr) (3) Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting and mitigation of organic pollutants under visible light with NaNbO3@CuS Core-Shell heterostructures (https://lnkd.in/dMKPFdaA) (4) Systematic and collaborative approach to problem solving using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (https://lnkd.in/dbz78VrR) I hope you find these articles interesting. Happy reading!

SCIENCE ALERT ! After 6 years, there is now a first update of the paper 4-Dimensional perspective projection (natural 4-Dimensional hologram) which can be downloaded here. The update was carried out by John Post only and is a perfected version of the original 2018 paper. This updated version does not contain any crucial differences and is mainly intended to make it more acceptable and structured, etc. It is strongly recommended to use this updated version from now on. I will not be sending this updated version again to scientific institutes and scientists to whom I sent the 2018 original, so you should distribute this update version it among your colleagues since it has not yet been offered for publication by a journal.

#ReviewArticle A Chronological Overview of Scientific Research on #ShipGrounding #FrequencyEstimation Models https://lnkd.in/gygj-aKQ #mdpijmse via University of Split #analyticalmodels #statisticalmodels

Read #NewPaper: "Entropy Estimators for Markovian Sequences: A Comparative Analysis" by Juan De Gregorio, David Sánchez and Raul Toral. Excited to share this paper, which compares the performance of various entropy estimators, shedding light on Markovian binary and undersampled cases. A must-read for researchers in info theory, physics, biology, and beyond! #Entropy #InformationTheory #Markov See more details at: https://lnkd.in/gcwGRhdj

Carbon dioxide capture and dissolution in turbulent and laminar flows under different rheological conditions with implications in decarbonization processes The PhD will be integrated in the framework of a financed project oriented towards the advance in the fundamental knowledge of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer phenomena associated with the carbon dioxide (CO2) gas dissolution process in liquid flows with different spatial scales. We have selected complex flow systems with scientific, industrial, technological and biomedical interest to perform the analysis of the CO2 dissolution using modelization, computational fluid dynamics and the application of advanced flow visualization and measurement techniques. These systems include two-phase flows in microchannels, pipes and bubble columns with liquids with different rheological conditions. Examples of the experience of the group in simulation and experiments of multiphase flows can be found in: Sassi et al. (2022) Effect of solid particles on the slug frequency, velocity and length of intermittent gas-liquid two-phase flows in horizontal pipelines, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 149, 103985. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2022.103985 Pallares et al. (2023) Numerical simulations of the flow and aerosol dispersion in a violent expiratory event: Outcomes of the “2022 International Computational Fluid Dynamics Challenge on violent expiratory events”, Physics of Fluids, 35, 045106, DOI: 10.1063/5.0143795 Kazemi et al. (2024) Numerical investigation of a pair of in-line bubbles rising in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids with interfacial passive scalar transfer, Physics of Fluids 36, 022106, DOI: 10.1063/5.0185472 Researchers willing to apply should check that they fulfil the eligibility criteria, which can be found in this link: https://lnkd.in/db84NUr9 The candidate should apply for the fellowship with code 2024PMF-PIPF-21 following the instructions detailed in the above link. University Rovira i Virgili - Location: Tarragona, Spain

Another glimpse in retrospect. The year 2017 was running, and the second year of the Ph.D. was starting. Our initial deep dive into a single modeling approach expanded to comprise that interconnected levels in biological systems still corresponded to silos-like subdomains in the scientific community. Indeed, there was no modeling approach to rule them all. That is why 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊-𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒚𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒅 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒔 𝒃𝒊𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 were worth reviewing. That is why, as in many other contexts, it was worth it to comprise and highlight this diversity of perspectives over complexity. 🔗 https://lnkd.in/dRqE7AzX Bardini, R., Politano, G., Benso, A., & Di Carlo, S. (2017). Multi-level and hybrid modelling approaches for systems biology. Computational and structural biotechnology journal, 15, 396-402. Chicago #ComputationalSystemsBiology #multidisciplinarity #interdisciplinarity #modeling #research #science