Reservoir Solutions (RES)’s Post

The oil/gas field in Jordan has marked unconventional reservoir system according to the long of exploration activities were carried out based local government team from the ministry of energy alongside with NPC (National Petroleum Company). Regional company in middle east has commenced development activities in Hamza field-which is located in the east of Jordan- to rise the oil production into economical quantities instead of small quantities that are extracted nowadays from only 2 boreholes using ESP pump.

Unconventional Reservoir Types ✍️ Unconventional reservoir types refer to unconventional oil and gas resources that are more challenging to extract compared to conventional reservoirs. These reservoirs typically have low permeability or porosity, making the extraction process more difficult and requiring advanced technologies for economic production. Here are some examples of unconventional reservoir types: _ Shale Reservoirs: Shale reservoirs are fine-grained sedimentary rocks rich in organic materials, such as oil or natural gas. These reservoirs have very low permeability, which means the hydrocarbons are trapped within the rock and do not flow easily. Shale gas and shale oil extraction techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and horizontal drilling, are used to unlock the hydrocarbons from the rock. _ Tight Gas Sands: Tight gas sands are low-permeability sandstone formations that contain natural gas. The gas is trapped within the small pore spaces of the rock, making it difficult to extract using conventional drilling techniques. Hydraulic fracturing is commonly employed to create fractures in the rock and enhance gas flow. _ Coalbed Methane (CBM): Coalbed methane is natural gas that is trapped within coal seams. The gas is adsorbed onto the coal surface and held in place by the coal's molecular structure. Extraction typically involves pumping water out of the coal seam to reduce the pressure and release the trapped gas. _ Oil Sands: Oil sands, also known as tar sands, are a mixture of sand, water, clay, and bitumen (a heavy, viscous form of petroleum). The bitumen is extracted from the sands using open-pit mining or in situ techniques, which involve injecting steam and solvents into the reservoir to heat and mobilize the bitumen. _ Gas Hydrates: Gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline structures that contain methane or other hydrocarbon gases. They are found in permafrost regions and deep ocean sediments. Gas hydrates have a high energy content but are challenging to extract due to the low temperatures and high pressures at which they are stable. These unconventional reservoir types require specialized techniques and technologies for effective extraction. The development of these resources has significantly expanded global hydrocarbon reserves but also raises environmental and technical challenges due to the unique extraction methods involved. #oil_exploration #oilfield #petroleum_industry 🛢️

* Conventional vs Unconventional Reservoirs : ● Conventional Reservoir : / Definition : It contains gas that can easily flow naturally. In this reservoir, gas and oil can be migrated from source rock. / Extraction Techniques : ~ Drilling. ~ Pumping. ~ Compression Techniques. / Conventional Reservoir Cycle : 1) Source rock. 2) Expulsion. 3) Migration. 4) Reservoir. / Conventional reservoirs include : ~ Sandstones. ~ Limestone. ~ Dolomites. ● Unconventional Reservoir : / Definition : Reservoirs with low permeability and low porosity that can't be produced at an economic rate. Gas can't flow easily because of low permeability, hence, require stimulation techniques. / Unconventional reservoirs include : ~ Shale Gas. ~ Tight Sands. ~ Coal Bed Methane. ~ Tar Sands. ~ Methane Hydrates. / Extraction Techniques : ~ Horizontal Drilling : It is used to provide greater access to the gas trapped in deeper gas producing formation. ~ Hydraulic Fracturing : It is a technique in which sand, chemicals and water (a pressurized liquid) collectively used and are pumped into well to unlock the trapped gas in shale formations. ~ Directional Drilling : It is the process of drilling which controls the direction of boring to target more than one location. #conventionalreservoir #unconventionalreservoir #engineering #oil #gas #petroleumreservoir

* A Technical Review on Shale Gas Production and Unconventional Reservoirs Modeling: https://lnkd.in/dGchX3uf ABSTRACT: During the past several years, natural gas production from shale gas is increased and has adsorbed much attention worldwide. The reason behind this is because of advances gained in shale gas recovery techniques from this ultra-low permeability/porosity rock. These techniques are considered the horizontal drilling of the length of 3000 to 5000 ft long and conducting multi-stage hydraulic fracturing along the horizontal portion of the wells. The successful application of above has also driven down the gas prices worldwide and also culminated the security of gas supply for the upcoming decades. This paper is a technical literature review of shale gas production and modeling for future performance evaluation that identifies the current challenges in different stages. Several different and complex physics of gas flow in such a low permeability formation is also explained and the state of the art of the challenges encountered in the modeling process is also explained. As such, gas desorption phenomena, non-Darcy Flow, gas Klinkenberg effect are investigated for different shale formations in the US. This technical review also takes a look over the hydraulic fracturing effects on the economics of shale gas wells due to its straight tie to the production from shale and also the overall recovery from such reservoirs. Keywords: Unconventional Shale Gas Reservoirs, Modeling and Simulation, Production Forecast

𝗨𝗻𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗰𝗲𝘀 (𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗹𝗲 𝗚𝗮𝘀, 𝗧𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗢𝗶𝗹) Extraction Techniques The extraction of shale gas and tight oil relies on two main techniques: horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking). 1. **Horizontal Drilling**: This method involves drilling vertically down to the desired rock formation and then extending the well horizontally. 2. **Hydraulic Fracturing**: Fracking involves injecting a high-pressure fluid mixture (water, sand, and chemicals) into the rock formation to create fractures. These fractures allow hydrocarbons to flow more freely to the wellbore. Economic Impact The development of shale gas and tight oil has had significant economic impacts, particularly in the United States. The "shale revolution" has led to increased domestic energy production, reducing dependence on imported oil and gas. This shift has not only enhanced energy security but also contributed to economic growth, job creation, and lower energy prices. The U.S. has become a major exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and is a key player in the global energy market. Environmental Considerations While the benefits are clear, the extraction of shale gas and tight oil comes with environmental concerns. Fracking, in particular, has been scrutinized for its potential impacts on groundwater contamination, increased seismic activity, and methane emissions. The large volumes of water required for fracking and the disposal of wastewater are additional environmental challenges. Addressing these concerns requires stringent regulations, technological advancements, and best practices to mitigate negative impacts. Global Perspective The success of shale gas and tight oil in the U.S. has sparked interest worldwide. Countries like Canada, Argentina, China, and Russia possess significant shale reserves and are exploring their potential. However, the replication of the U.S. model faces hurdles such as geological differences, regulatory environments, and public opposition. Future Outlook The future of shale gas and tight oil is influenced by several factors: 1. **Technological Innovations**: Continued advancements in drilling and fracking technologies could enhance efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. 2. **Market Dynamics**: Fluctuations in oil and gas prices, driven by global supply and demand, will impact the viability of unconventional resource projects. 3. **Regulatory Environment**: Policies and regulations addressing environmental concerns will shape the development and sustainability of these resources. 4. **Energy Transition**: As the world moves towards cleaner energy sources, the role of shale gas and tight oil in the energy mix will evolve. Photo refrence, credit : https://lnkd.in/dcyCTpjz Contact Us : Mail: Reservoir.Solutions.Egypt@gmail.com /res@reservoirsolutions-res.com Website: reservoirsolutions-res.com WhatsApp: +201093323215

Enverus Intelligence® Research (EIR) reveals the potential for significant growth in Gulf of Mexico (GOM) oil production. This report highlights the importance of hydraulic fracturing in unlocking resources in the Lower Tertiary geological trend. With a projected 170% increase in production over five years, this could revolutionize offshore drilling. EIR's findings suggest that with modern technologies, including fracturing, there's great potential for expanding oil extraction in the GOM and beyond. https://lnkd.in/eTcNEKqP

𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲 𝘃𝘀 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲 In the oil and gas industry, the classification of reserves is vital for companies, investors, and regulators to assess the economic viability and potential production of hydrocarbon resources. Two key classifications used are "Proven Reserves" and "Probable Reserves." This article aims to provide an understanding of the differences between these classifications and their significance in the industry. Proven Reserves Proven reserves, also known as "1P" (1P being short for "proved"), refer to reserves with a high degree of certainty of recovery based on reliable geological and engineering data. These reserves are considered economically producible with a high level of confidence. Proven reserves are typically established when there is a history of production from a reservoir, complemented by detailed geological and reservoir engineering studies. The estimation of proven reserves takes into account various factors such as reservoir characteristics, fluid properties, well performance, and economic considerations. Companies can report proven reserves to regulatory bodies and investors with confidence as they represent a reliable estimate of recoverable hydrocarbons. Probable Reserves Probable reserves represent reserves that have a lower degree of certainty compared to proven reserves but are still likely recoverable based on preliminary data and analysis. These reserves have a higher level of uncertainty, either due to limited data availability or a higher risk associated with extraction, such as technical challenges or uncertain economic viability. Probable reserves are estimates made using a combination of geological and engineering analysis, including seismic data, well tests, and reservoir modeling. While the degree of certainty is lower, probable reserves still have a reasonable expectation of being economically producible, making them valuable assets for companies. Significance and Use The classification of reserves as proven or probable is critical for investment decisions, financial reporting, and regulatory compliance. Proven reserves provide a solid foundation for companies and investors, as they represent the most certain estimates of recoverable resources. These reserves can be reported as assets on a company's balance sheet and have a direct impact on its valuation. Probable reserves, on the other hand, provide additional potential opportunities for growth. While they carry higher risk and uncertainty, they can still contribute to a company's portfolio and future production plans. Probable reserves may be included in a company's financials but are typically not given the same level of weight as proven reserves. Photo Reference, Credit: https://lnkd.in/e5PqfY4K

The porosity found in unconventional reservoirs usually comes in multiple forms, each of which has a unique function in the flow and storage of hydrocarbons. In unconventional reservoirs, the following porosity types are frequently observed: The term "matrix porosity" describes the pore spaces that are naturally present in the rock matrix, comparison to conventional reservoirs, the matrix porosity of unconventional reservoirs such as shale is frequently quite low. Hydrocarbons are stored in the pores, which can be either nano- or micro-scale. Fracture Porosity: In unconventional reservoirs, natural or artificial fractures—such as hydraulic fractures produced during stimulation—make a substantial contribution to porosity. These fissures improve the rock's permeability and create passageways for the movement of hydrocarbons. Organic Porosity: In shale formations, organic materials (mainly kerogen) can increase porosity. As kerogen grows, it releases hydrocarbons and creates pore spaces inside the rock, increasing its porosity. Interstitial Porosity: This sort of porosity results from the presence and arrangement of mineral grains within the rock. Interstitial porosity in unconventional reservoirs may be lower than in conventional reservoirs due to the tight nature of the rock, but it still contributes to overall porosity and fluid storage. Vuggy Porosity: In some carbonate reservoirs, the dissolution of certain minerals can cause irregular-shaped cavities or vugs inside the rock. Vuggy porosity is less prevalent in unconventional reservoirs, but it can still occur in carbonate-rich rocks. Microfracture porosity refers to tiny cracks or fissures that, while not evident macroscopically, contribute to fluid flow within the rock. Microfractures can improve permeability in unconventional reservoirs, which is often essential to hydrocarbon production. Understanding the distribution and properties of various porosity types is critical for determining the potential of unconventional reservoirs and improving production techniques like hydraulic fracturing. Reference. Galford,J., Quirein, J., Westacott,D., Witkowsky,J., 2013. QUANTIFYING ORGANIC POROSITY FROM LOGS. SPWLA 54th Annual Logging Symposium held in New Orleans, June 22-26. 

𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗹𝗲 𝗢𝗶𝗹 Shale oil refers to hydrocarbon-rich liquid petroleum that is extracted from unconventional shale formations through a process called hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking. Shale oil is a type of unconventional oil, meaning it is not easily accessible or recoverable using traditional drilling methods. Shale formations are sedimentary rocks that contain significant amounts of organic material, known as kerogen. Through millions of years of heat and pressure, the kerogen in shale is transformed into oil or natural gas. To extract shale oil, a well is drilled vertically into the shale formation and then horizontally through the layer of shale rock. Hydraulic fracturing involves injecting a high-pressure fluid mixture, typically consisting of water, chemicals, and proppants (sand or ceramic particles), into the well to create fractures in the shale rock. The proppants hold the fractures open, allowing the oil to flow more freely. Once the fracking process is complete, the oil is released and flows into the well, along with the injected fluids. It is then brought to the surface, where it is separated from the fluids and processed for further refining. Shale oil has gained significant importance in the energy industry, particularly in countries like the United States, Canada, and Argentina, where extensive shale formations exist. Its production has contributed to increased oil reserves and energy self-sufficiency in these regions. Shale oil production has also had a significant impact on global oil markets, affecting oil prices and geopolitics. However, shale oil extraction is not without controversy. Environmental concerns surrounding fracking include groundwater contamination, seismic activity, and the release of greenhouse gases. The large amounts of water required for fracking and the disposal of wastewater are also significant environmental challenges. Despite the controversies, shale oil has become a vital source of energy, contributing to global oil supplies. It has unlocked vast reserves that were previously inaccessible and has the potential to reshape energy landscapes around the world. Photo Reference, Credit: https://lnkd.in/eu8XakkH

* Meaning of Unconventional Petroleum Geology: https://lnkd.in/gjdGkaUW Abstract: Different authors have given different descriptions of unconventional petroleum. However, as a general consensus, unconventional petroleum is defined as the oil and gas resources not recoverable under the currently available economic and technical conditions. Normally, unconventional petroleum is divided into unconventional oil and unconventional natural gas resources. The former refers to tight sandstone oil, tight limestone oil, heavy (thick) oil, oil-sand oil, shale oil, and oil-shale oil. The latter includes tight sandstone gas, (Coal bed methane) CBM, shale gas, and natural gas hydrates. Unconventional petroleum geology is a new subdiscipline of petroleum geology that examines the type of unconventional petroleum, fine-grained deposits, micro- and nanoscale reservoirs, formation mechanism, distribution characteristics, enrichment pattern, evaluation method, core technologies, development strategies, and economic viability of oil and gas. Unconventional petroleum has become an important type of oil and natural gas petroleum. Author links open overlay panel.