Reservoir Solutions (RES)’s Post

CIVILSTRICT: How We Predict Future Groundwater Levels with Precision and Value ️ If you are planning a construction or infrastructure project, you need to know how the groundwater levels will change in the future. Groundwater dynamics can affect the stability, safety, and sustainability of your project. That's why you need CIVILSTRICT, the leading experts in groundwater engineering.   CIVILSTRICT was founded in 2008 with a mission to provide accurate and valuable predictions of groundwater changes. We have developed an innovative protocol that combines data analysis, field investigations, modeling, and forecasting.   Here's how our protocol works:   1. Data Analysis: ️♀️ We start by reviewing existing soil data, such as borehole logs, geophysical surveys, and hydrogeological reports. We use this data to understand the structure and properties of the soil layers where water flows. This desk study helps us to define the scope and objectives of our field investigations. 2. Field Investigations: We design and implement field investigations that are tailored to your project site. We use strategic boreholes and monitoring tools to measure the water levels, pressures, and flows in the saturated and unsaturated zones. We also apply advanced geophysics techniques to obtain vital information about the unsaturated zone properties, such as water content, hydraulic conductivity, and retention. 3. Modeling: After collecting and processing the field data, we identify all the sources that affect the water levels at your site, such as precipitation, evaporation, irrigation, pumping, and sea level rise. We use powerful HYDRUS software to model these sources and their interactions with the soil layers. This allows us to simulate the current and historical water level dynamics and understand their patterns and trends. 4. Forecasting: Finally, we use the site data and the HYDRUS results to feed our 3D groundwater models, which are calibrated and validated with historical observations. These models enable us to predict how the water levels will change in the future under different scenarios and conditions. This gives you a clear picture of the potential risks and opportunities for your project. If needed, we can also help you design permanent control systems that can manage the water levels effectively. CIVILSTRICT offers: - Proficiency and Accuracy: Our protocol is based on scientific principles and proven methods that guarantee accurate forecasts. - Value Engineering: Our protocol is optimized and flexible, which allows us to find cost-effective solutions that suit your project budget.   Are you ready to discover how CIVILSTRICT can help you predict the future of your project with confidence? Visit our website to learn more about our services and how we can assist you with your next venture. #CIVILSTRICT #GroundwaterForecasting #GroundwaterRise

Tikrit Journal Disaggregation Model of Tigris River Inflow into a Proposed Makhol Reservoir Using Parametric Approach Aaisha Mohand Yahya Dams and Water Resources Engineering, Engineering Collage, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. Shatha H.D. AL-Zakar Dams and Water Resources Engineering, Engineering Collage, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. Kamel A. AL-Mohseen Dams and Water Resources Engineering, Engineering Collage, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. Abstract Since Makhol dam is planned to be constructed on Tigris River to the north of Baiji discharge measurement station, it is essential to study the nature of inflow into this reservoir. The information concerning this inflow is of great help in operating and management of the prospective reservoir. From our point of view, it is necessary to know how these inflows are distributed and contributed to Tigris from different upstream sources. Disaggregation flow models are stochastic generation techniques, that used to divided data into lower time scales from higher time scales using parametric approaches with two main categories: spatial and temporal. In the streamflow disaggregation model, historical data statistics (mean, skewness, standard deviation, maximum, and minimum) can be preserved while distributing single-site values to several sites in space and time. In this study, the aggregated streamflows data at a key station will be disaggregated into a corresponding series of discharges at sub-stations that are statistically similar to those observed by applying Stochastic Analysis Modeling and Simulation (SAMS 2010) software. To investigate the appropriate the disaggregation method for modeling monthly flow data, we used the annual and monthly data flow of five gauging stations in the Tigres River in Iraq (Mosul Dam station on Tigris river, Asmawah on AlKhazir river, Eski Kalak on Upper Zab, Dibs Dam on Lower Zab, and Baiji station on Tigris river) for the duration 2000–2020. The application approach's statistical outcomes were contrasted with their historical counterparts and the results showed that most years and months at all stations were in good agreement with the historical data. Therefore, we argue that this method have ability to be used when making decisions about water management strategies in these regions which is essential for water resource managers and decision makers. Keywords: Makhol Reservoir, Parametric Approach, SAMS 2010, Spatial and Temporal Methods, Streamflow Disaggregation, Stochastic Generation Techniques DOI: https://lnkd.in/gA38fvj2

Geotechnical core logging is a critical process in geotechnical engineering that involves the detailed examination and description of soil and rock samples obtained from boreholes or excavation sites. Here's an overview of the process: 1. **Sample Collection:** Soil or rock samples are collected using core barrels during drilling operations or through other sampling methods. These samples are typically retrieved in cylindrical form to preserve their original structure. 2. **Visual Inspection:** The core samples are visually inspected for color, texture, grain size, and any visible features such as fractures, bedding planes, or presence of fossils. 3. **Measurements:** Various measurements are taken, including sample diameter, length, and orientation. In addition, the moisture content and density of the sample may be determined. 4. **Description:** A detailed description of the core sample is recorded, including lithology (rock type), mineral composition, grain size distribution, presence of any features like joints or faults, and other relevant characteristics. 5. **Logging:** The information gathered during the core description process is logged into a standardized format or software system. This logging process may involve assigning codes or symbols to different features for consistency and clarity. 6. **Interpretation:** Geotechnical engineers use the logged data to interpret subsurface conditions, assess soil or rock properties, and make recommendations for engineering design and construction. 7. **Reporting:** The findings from the core logging process are typically summarized in geotechnical reports, which are used by project stakeholders such as designers, contractors, and regulatory authorities to inform decision-making. Core logging is essential for understanding subsurface conditions, assessing geotechnical risks, and designing foundations, excavations, tunnels, and other infrastructure projects. It requires careful observation, attention to detail, and expertise in geology and engineering principles.

Dynamic Probing Super Heavy (DPSH) Soil Testing: An Overview and Special Offer What is DPSH Soil Testing? Dynamic Probing Super Heavy (DPSH) soil testing is a field investigation method used to determine the soil's strength and compactness. The process involves driving a cone-tipped probe into the ground using a hammer of known weight (63.5 kg) dropped from a specified height (750 mm). This technique is highly effective for assessing soil properties at various depths, providing essential data for geotechnical engineering projects. How DPSH Soil Testing is Performed: Site Preparation: The testing area is cleared of any surface debris, and the equipment is set up vertically to ensure accurate results. Driving the Probe: The 63.5 kg hammer is lifted and dropped from a height of 750 mm to drive the cone into the ground. This process is repeated, and the number of blows required to penetrate each 20 cm layer of soil is recorded. Data Collection: The penetration resistance is measured, which helps in determining the soil's bearing capacity and density. This data is crucial for designing foundations and other structural elements. Analysis and Reporting: The collected data is analyzed by our group of engineers to provide a comprehensive report on soil conditions, including strength, compactness, and potential issues such as variability in soil layers. Expected Outputs: Penetration Resistance Values: Indicates the soil's density and strength at various depths. Bearing Capacity Assessment: Helps in determining the load-bearing potential of the soil. Soil Stratigraphy: Detailed information on different soil layers encountered during testing. Recommendations: Expert advice on foundation design and any necessary soil improvements. Special Offer: June to July We are pleased to announce a special offer on DPSH soil testing services from June to July, subject to equipment availability. This limited-time promotion provides an excellent opportunity to avail of our top-notch soil testing services at a reduced rate. Engage with Us: Take advantage of this special offer and ensure the success of your construction projects with accurate and reliable soil data. Contact us today to schedule your DPSH soil testing. Our experienced team is ready to assist you in understanding your soil conditions and providing expert recommendations for your projects. Contact Details: Phone: +258 87 802 0055 Email: geral@kycla-africa.co.mz or comercial@kycla-africa.co.mz Website: www.kycla-africa.co.mz Why Choose Us? Expertise: Our team has extensive experience in geotechnical engineering and soil testing. Accuracy: We use state-of-the-art equipment to ensure precise and reliable results. Customer Satisfaction: We are committed to providing excellent service and supporting our clients every step of the way. Don't miss this opportunity to secure accurate soil testing at a special rate. Reach out to us now and ensure your project's foundation is built on solid ground.  

Rock Quality Designation (RQD) and Stability in Dam Embankments: A Practical Example from a USK CONSULTING AFRICA Project. Understanding Rock Core Sampling The assessment of rock mass quality is crucial for any geotechnical engineering project, particularly when designing and constructing dam embankments. The Rock Quality Designation (RQD) is a standard measure used extensively in the geotechnical field to quantify the degree of jointing or fracturing in a rock mass. The photo shown features rock core samples collected during geotechnical investigations for a dam project. These samples are critical for understanding the geological conditions of the site. What is RQD? Developed by D.U. Deere in the 1960s, RQD is calculated by dividing the sum of lengths of core pieces longer than 10 cm by the total length of the core run, expressed as a percentage. High RQD values (above 75%) typically indicate hard, intact rock, whereas lower values suggest more fractured or jointed rock. Analyzing the Photo: Rock Cores and Dam Stability In the image taken from one of our projects on a hydroelectric Dam, we see several trays containing rock core samples. Each tray is labeled with depth markers, showing varying degrees of rock integrity and fragmentation. 1. Core Integrity: The integrity of these samples varies significantly; some trays show long, continuous cores, indicating good rock quality suitable for stable dam foundations. In contrast, other trays contain highly fractured cores, which can be problematic for dam embankment stability. 2. Fracturing and Jointing: The presence of fractures and joints in the rock core samples can significantly impact the stability of dam embankments. Highly fractured rocks may lead to reduced strength and increased permeability, potentially compromising the structural integrity of the dam. 3. Geotechnical Assessment: Geotechnical engineers analyze RQD values along with other geological data to assess the stability of dam embankments. By understanding the rock mass quality, engineers can make informed decisions regarding foundation design, slope stability, and risk mitigation measures. 4. Mitigation Strategies: In cases where rock core samples indicate poor rock quality, engineers may implement reinforcement techniques such as rock bolting, grouting, or soil stabilization to enhance the stability of the dam embankment and ensure long-term performance. In conclusion, rock core sampling and RQD analysis play a vital role in assessing the stability of dam embankments. By examining the geological characteristics of the site, geotechnical engineers can design and construct safe and resilient structures that withstand the test of time. USK CONSULTING AFRICA preferred partner for Africa. Contact us https://lnkd.in/gw-c7pf for your challenging projects.

The Geological Strength Index (GSI) is used for more fractured rock because it helps assess the mechanical behavior of rock masses, particularly those with significant fracturing, jointing, and other discontinuities. In fractured rock masses, the presence of joints, faults, and cracks can significantly reduce the overall strength and stability of the rock compared to intact rock. Key reasons for using GSI in fractured rock: 👉Accounts for Discontinuities: GSI incorporates both the degree of fracturing (or jointing) and the surface condition of these fractures. More fractured rock masses tend to behave differently compared to intact rocks, so using GSI helps estimate the reduced strength due to these fractures. 👉Realistic Strength Estimation: Unlike intact rock, fractured rock masses do not follow simple mechanical strength formulas. GSI is a semi-empirical tool that provides more realistic estimates of rock mass strength by considering the extent of fractures and how these fractures interact with each other under stress. 👉Input for Other Models: The GSI value is used in various geotechnical models (e.g., Hoek-Brown failure criterion) to predict the behavior of rock masses under stress. In fractured rock, these predictions are critical for determining how the rock will respond to excavation, loading, or tunneling. 👉Classifies Different Rock Conditions: GSI allows for a broad classification of rock masses from intact to highly fractured or weathered rock. In fractured rock masses, the index helps engineers select appropriate methods for support and design in tunnels, slopes, and foundations. 👉In summary, GSI is specifically useful for fractured rock because it provides a structured way to assess and quantify the impact of fracturing on the rock's mechanical properties, which is crucial for accurate engineering analysis and design. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +61452075310 Shaloo Puri (MIEAust CPEng NER) Chartered Professional - Geotechnical EA ID: 5407150 Member of Engineers Australia Extensive experience in providing technical solutions for geotechnical challenges in civil engineering, mining, construction, and infrastructure projects.

𝗥𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 ### Relative Permeability: An Overview Relative permeability is a key concept in the study of fluid flow through porous media, particularly in petroleum engineering, hydrology, and soil science. It describes the ability of one fluid to flow in the presence of another fluid within the same porous medium. #### Understanding Relative Permeability In porous media such as reservoir rocks, multiple fluids often coexist, such as oil, water, and gas. Each fluid has a distinct permeability that can be measured in the absence of other fluids, known as absolute permeability. However, when multiple fluids are present, their ability to flow is influenced by their interactions with each other and the rock surface. This is where relative permeability comes into play. #### The Concept Relative permeability is defined as the ratio of the effective permeability of a particular fluid to the absolute permeability of the porous medium. It varies between 0 and 1 and is dependent on the saturation levels of the fluids within the medium. - **Kro (Relative Permeability of Oil):** Describes the permeability of oil in the presence of water and/or gas. - **Krw (Relative Permeability of Water):** Describes the permeability of water in the presence of oil and/or gas. - **Krg (Relative Permeability of Gas):** Describes the permeability of gas in the presence of oil and/or water. #### Measurement and Applications Relative permeability is typically measured through laboratory experiments using core samples from reservoirs. These measurements are essential for: - **Reservoir Simulation:** Modeling the behavior of fluid flow within reservoirs to predict production performance. - **Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR):** Designing techniques to improve oil recovery by understanding how injected fluids (like water or gas) will interact with the existing fluids. - **Hydrogeology:** Assessing the movement of groundwater and contaminants through soils and aquifers. #### Factors Influencing Relative Permeability Several factors affect relative permeability, including: - **Fluid Properties:** Viscosity, density, and surface tension of the fluids. - **Porous Medium Characteristics:** Pore size distribution, wettability, and rock type. - **Fluid Saturation:** The relative amounts of each fluid within the porous medium. Photo refrence, credit : https://lnkd.in/dTHtMYAq

The impact of thermal fracturing on the near-wellbore region during CO2 injection in depleted gasfields: a numerical investigation Author Scheffer Bouke (TU Delft Civil Engineering and Geosciences) Abstract This research describes how thermal fractures impact the near-wellbore (NWB) region of a depleted gasfield in a carbon sequestration project. As CO2 is usually injected in its supercritical phase, the injection fluid is injected on high pressures and low temperatures. This is in high contrast with the depleted gasfields, which have a low reservoir pressure. The increase in pressure and decrease in temperature causes a thermoporoelastic response, resulting in a reduction of stress inside the reservoir. Once the fracture initiation stress, the so-called fracture stress, is reached, thermal fractures form. Thermal fractures form only due to extensive cooling of the reservoir. The fractures impact the NWB region; due to opening of fractures there is a drop in pressure in the bottomhole pressure (BHP). This increases the reservoir's injectivity. This research uses CMG GEM to model this. The simulation uses a homogeneous box dual permeability model with the model being initialized as a generalized depleted gas reservoir in the North Sea. To model the fractures, the Barton Bandis model is used. This model changes the permeability in a fracture cell once fracture conditions are met. From this model, the moment of fracturing (fracture time), the fracture halflength and the injectivity of the reservoir is researched by performing a sensitivity analysis on key parameters. It is found that the thermal fractures propagate conform to the propagation of the coldest part of the thermal front. The thermal front propagates further once the fracture conditions are met sooner due to fluid highways or when the pressure build up in the reservoir is slower. The sensitivity on the geomechanical parameters showed that only the stress conditions in the reservoir changed, causing the injection constant to change and thus a different fracture time. The way the reservoir reacted to the initiation of fractures was the same; the injectivity was improved similarly for each parameter. The effective permeability (thickness and permeability) determines, together with the injection rate, the way the pressure builds up in the reservoir changes the increase of injectivity due to fracturing slightly. Increasing the reservoir volume causes a slower pressure build-up inside of the reservoir, allowing the thermal front to propagate further and thus longer fracture lengths. All in all, this thesis gives an insight on how key parameters impact thermal fracture behavior.collection on key parameters. Source and picture credit: https://lnkd.in/dWRp3j5a #ThermalFractures #Geomechanics #CCS #CarbonSequestration #ReservoirStress #CMGGEMModeling #BartonBandisModel

Weakness zones play a crucial role in geotechnical core logging for several reasons: 1. **Engineering Design:** Weakness zones, such as fractures, faults, or zones of loose material, can significantly influence the stability and behavior of engineering structures. Identifying and characterizing these zones during core logging is essential for designing foundations, slopes, tunnels, and other infrastructure projects. 2. **Risk Assessment:** Weakness zones often represent potential points of failure or instability in the subsurface. By identifying and assessing the extent and nature of these zones during core logging, geotechnical engineers can better evaluate the associated risks and develop appropriate mitigation measures. 3. **Groundwater Flow:** Weakness zones may affect groundwater flow patterns and aquifer properties. Understanding the distribution and characteristics of these zones helps in predicting groundwater behavior, which is critical for groundwater management, environmental protection, and groundwater-dependent projects. 4. **Construction Planning:** Knowledge of weakness zones is essential for planning construction activities, such as excavation, tunneling, or foundation installation. By incorporating information about these zones into construction plans, engineers can minimize risks, optimize construction methods, and ensure the safety and stability of the worksite. 5. **Material Properties:** Weakness zones often exhibit different engineering properties compared to surrounding materials, such as lower strength, higher permeability, or increased deformability. Understanding these differences is essential for selecting appropriate construction materials, designing support systems, and predicting ground response to loading. 6. **Geological Understanding:** Weakness zones provide valuable insights into the geological history and tectonic processes that have shaped the site. Studying these zones helps geologists and engineers develop a more comprehensive understanding of the site's geological context, which is essential for long-term planning and risk management. In summary, weakness zones are critical components of geotechnical core logging because they influence engineering design, risk assessment, construction planning, groundwater behavior, material properties, and geological understanding. Identifying and characterizing these zones accurately is essential for ensuring the safety, stability, and success of infrastructure projects.