sufiyan S havargi’s Post

*MY EXPERIENCE *DISCUSSION*LMS* : Explore pipe flow rates and velocities. Pipe Flow Rates and Velocities: *Key Parameters:* 1. Pipe diameter (D) 2. Flow rate (Q) 3. Velocity (V) 4. Fluid properties (density, viscosity) *Formulas:* 1. Flow rate (Q) = π × Radius² × Velocity (V) 2. Velocity (V) = Flow rate (Q) / (π × Radius²) 3. Reynolds number (Re) = ρ × V × D / μ *Units:* 1. Flow rate (Q): m³/h, liters/s, gallons/min 2. Velocity (V): m/s, ft/s, km/h 3. Pipe diameter (D): mm, inches *Pipe Flow Types:* 1. Laminar flow (Re < 2000) 2. Turbulent flow (Re > 4000) *Factors Affecting Flow Rate:* 1. Pipe roughness 2. Fittings and bends 3. Valve openings 4. Fluid temperature

"Hand Calculation" of "Max. Biaxial stress due to combination of axial and pressure load for piping installation" For more 👇👇👇 https://lnkd.in/g8bZhwNy

Pictured here is an example of a Copper Piping system that I created based off of dimension specifications given (Pipe diameter, length, angle's of bends). This includes the entire process of Measuring, Cutting, Bending, Reaming, Swedging and Brazing the copper piping with a verification of a pressure test done afterwards.

1PL - 002 1. Test Coupon Less than 1 inch (25 mm) in diameter: - Min. Qualified Diameter: Size welded (no minimum diameter). - Max. Qualified Diameter: Unlimited (welder can weld any larger size). 2. Test Coupon from 1 inch (25 mm) to 2¾ inches (73 mm): - Min. Qualified Diameter: 1 inch (25 mm). - Max. Qualified Diameter: Unlimited. 3. Test Coupon Greater than 2¾ inches (73 mm): - Min. Qualified Diameter: 2¾ inches (73 mm). - Max. Qualified Diameter: Unlimited. 4. General Notes: - Type and number of tests required are determined by another table (QW-452.1). - It explains that a 2¾ inch (73 mm) outer diameter is equivalent to NPS 2½ (DN 65), which is a common pipe size designation. - A common mistake is that some people assume the outside diameter of the test coupon is the same as the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS). However, they are not the same. For example, a 2-inch (50.8 mm) NPS corresponds to an outside diameter of 60.33 mm. Reference : ASME BPVC.IX-2023

Maximum allowable 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 dimension in a 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐥 that does 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 !!! • 𝐀𝐥𝐥 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 in pressure vessels 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝐚𝐬 specified under certain conditions outlined later. To start, what are the 𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 (diameter) for a 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 in a cylindrical pressure vessel designed according to 𝐀𝐒𝐌𝐄 𝐕𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝐃𝐢𝐯 𝟏? • Let's denote 𝐃 as the vessel's 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 and 𝐝 as the 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟. a. If 𝐃≤𝟔𝟎 𝐢𝐧 (1520𝑚𝑚), then 𝐝 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (𝐃/𝟐 , 𝟐𝟎 𝐢𝐧), [𝑑 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓( 𝐷/2 , 510 𝑚𝑚) ]. b. If 𝐃>𝟔𝟎 𝐢𝐧 (1520𝑚𝑚), then 𝐝 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (𝐃/𝟑, 𝟒𝟎 𝐢𝐧), [𝑑 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (𝐷/2 , 1020 𝑚𝑚)]. 𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐝, 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲. • So, revisiting the original question: What is the maximum 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 in a pressure vessel that 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡? Under certain conditions, some openings do not require reinforcement. The 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 are detailed in 𝐀𝐒𝐌𝐄 𝐁𝐏𝐕𝐂 𝐕𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝐃𝐢𝐯 𝟏, 𝐔𝐆-𝟑𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝐔𝐆-𝟑𝟕. • For a pressure vessel with a 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐭, all openings 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐮𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 the vessel is 𝐧𝐨𝐭 subject to 𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 and the diameter of the opening (welded nozzle) 𝐝 meets the following conditions: 1. 𝐖𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐝 Connection (Nozzle) a. If 𝐭 ≤ 𝟑/𝟖 𝐢𝐧 (10 𝑚𝑚), then 𝐝 ≤ 𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 𝐢𝐧 (89 𝑚𝑚). b. If 𝐭 > 𝟑/𝟖 𝐢𝐧 (10 𝑚𝑚), then 𝐝 ≤ 𝟐 𝟑/𝟖 in (60 𝑚𝑚). 2. 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 or 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 Connection a. 𝐝 ≤ 𝟐 𝟑/𝟖 𝐢𝐧 (60 𝑚𝑚). • For 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝, 𝑛𝑜𝑛-𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 with diameters 𝐝𝟏 and 𝐝𝟐, the distance 𝐋 between 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 must satisfy the following condition: 𝐋 > 𝐝𝟏 + 𝐝𝟐

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Maximum allowable 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 dimension in a 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐥 that does 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 !!! * 𝐀𝐥𝐥 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 in pressure vessels 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝐚𝐬 specified under certain conditions outlined later. To start, what are the 𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 (diameter) for a 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 in a cylindrical pressure vessel designed according to 𝐀𝐒𝐌𝐄 𝐕𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝐃𝐢𝐯 𝟏? * Let's denote 𝐃 as the vessel's 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 and 𝐝 as the 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟. a. If 𝐃≤𝟔𝟎 𝐢𝐧 (1520𝑚𝑚), then 𝐝 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (𝐃/𝟐 , 𝟐𝟎 𝐢𝐧), [𝑑 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓( 𝐷/2 , 510 𝑚𝑚) ]. b. If 𝐃>𝟔𝟎 𝐢𝐧 (1520𝑚𝑚), then 𝐝 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (𝐃/𝟑, 𝟒𝟎 𝐢𝐧), [𝑑 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (𝐷/2 , 1020 𝑚𝑚)]. 𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐝, 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲. * So, revisiting the original question: What is the maximum 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 in a pressure vessel that 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡? Under certain conditions, some openings do not require reinforcement. The 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 are detailed in 𝐀𝐒𝐌𝐄 𝐁𝐏𝐕𝐂 𝐕𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝐃𝐢𝐯 𝟏, 𝐔𝐆-𝟑𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝐔𝐆-𝟑𝟕. * For a pressure vessel with a 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐭, all openings 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐮𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 the vessel is 𝐧𝐨𝐭 subject to 𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 and the diameter of the opening (welded nozzle) 𝐝 meets the following conditions: 1. 𝐖𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐝 Connection (Nozzle) a. If 𝐭 ≤ 𝟑/𝟖 𝐢𝐧 (10 𝑚𝑚), then 𝐝 ≤ 𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 𝐢𝐧 (89 𝑚𝑚). b. If 𝐭 > 𝟑/𝟖 𝐢𝐧 (10 𝑚𝑚), then 𝐝 ≤ 𝟐 𝟑/𝟖 in (60 𝑚𝑚). 2. 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 or 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 Connection a. 𝐝 ≤ 𝟐 𝟑/𝟖 𝐢𝐧 (60 𝑚𝑚). * For 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝, 𝑛𝑜𝑛-𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 with diameters 𝐝𝟏 and 𝐝𝟐, the distance 𝐋 between 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 must satisfy the following condition: 𝐋 > 𝐝𝟏 + 𝐝𝟐

Why is checking reinforcement steel bars upon arrival at the construction site so crucial? Conducting key quality checks ensures structural integrity and longevity. Here are the main points to consider: - Visual inspection for surface condition and manufacturing defects - Dimensional verification for diameter, length, and weight - Bend and rebend tests - Tensile test for yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility - Chemical composition test - Review of mill test certificates for compliance with standards - Fatigue test for dynamic loading projects - Storage and handling inspection - Documentation and record-keeping - Compliance with relevant national and international standards Regular quality checks guarantee that the steel meets all specifications and codes, enhancing the safety and durability of the structure. #Construction #QualityChecks #StructuralIntegrity

PRESSURE VESSEL HEADS: These are the closing parts of cylindrical pressure vessel shells. They come in a variety of shapes, but we'll highlight three of them: a) Elliptical head - theoretically has the cross-sections in the shape of a perfect ellipse. The ratio between the semi-axes is 2:1, i.e. the diameter of the head is four times its height. b) Torrispherical head - made up of a central spherical cap(crown) of radius Rc and a toroidal matching region(knunckle) of radius Rk. It is simpler to manufacture than the elliptical and will be easier the shallower it is, i.e. the smaller the radius Rk. On the other hand, the larger the Rk, the greater the strength of the head. However, any top of this type is always weaker than an elliptical of the same diameter with the same semi-axis ratio. c) Hemispherical head - the strongest of all, but has the most complex construction and, due to its greater height, takes up more space. It is usually made up of a central cap and spherical sections. The parts are welded together. The photos shows one of this type for a horizontal vessel designed in accordance with ASME VIII Div. 2 References: - Pressure vessel - Pedro Telles - EBSE Soluções

Maximum allowable 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 dimension in a 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐥 that does 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 !!! • 𝐀𝐥𝐥 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 in pressure vessels 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝐚𝐬 specified under certain conditions outlined later. To start, what are the 𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 (diameter) for a 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 in a cylindrical pressure vessel designed according to 𝐀𝐒𝐌𝐄 𝐕𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝐃𝐢𝐯 𝟏? • Let's denote 𝐃 as the vessel's 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 and 𝐝 as the 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟. a. If 𝐃≤𝟔𝟎 𝐢𝐧 (1520𝑚𝑚), then 𝐝 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (𝐃/𝟐 , 𝟐𝟎 𝐢𝐧), [𝑑 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓( 𝐷/2 , 510 𝑚𝑚) ]. b. If 𝐃>𝟔𝟎 𝐢𝐧 (1520𝑚𝑚), then 𝐝 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (𝐃/𝟑, 𝟒𝟎 𝐢𝐧), [𝑑 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (𝐷/2 , 1020 𝑚𝑚)]. 𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐝, 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲. • So, revisiting the original question: What is the maximum 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 in a pressure vessel that 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡? Under certain conditions, some openings do not require reinforcement. The 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 are detailed in 𝐀𝐒𝐌𝐄 𝐁𝐏𝐕𝐂 𝐕𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝐃𝐢𝐯 𝟏, 𝐔𝐆-𝟑𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝐔𝐆-𝟑𝟕. • For a pressure vessel with a 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐭, all openings 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐮𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 the vessel is 𝐧𝐨𝐭 subject to 𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 and the diameter of the opening (welded nozzle) 𝐝 meets the following conditions: 1. 𝐖𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐝 Connection (Nozzle) a. If 𝐭 ≤ 𝟑/𝟖 𝐢𝐧 (10 𝑚𝑚), then 𝐝 ≤ 𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 𝐢𝐧 (89 𝑚𝑚). b. If 𝐭 > 𝟑/𝟖 𝐢𝐧 (10 𝑚𝑚), then 𝐝 ≤ 𝟐 𝟑/𝟖 in (60 𝑚𝑚). 2. 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 or 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 Connection a. 𝐝 ≤ 𝟐 𝟑/𝟖 𝐢𝐧 (60 𝑚𝑚). • For 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝, 𝑛𝑜𝑛-𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 with diameters 𝐝𝟏 and 𝐝𝟐, the distance 𝐋 between 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 must satisfy the following condition: 𝐋 > 𝐝𝟏 + 𝐝𝟐