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𝗛𝗜𝗚𝗛 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 (𝙃𝙋𝙇𝘾) It is a powerful analytical technique used to separate, identify, and quantify compounds in a mixture. It is commonly used in various fields including pharmaceuticals, environmental analysis, food and beverages, and forensic science. 𝙒𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙃𝙋𝙇𝘾 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙩'𝙨 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙥𝙡𝙚 It's a process of separating components in a liquid mixture. A liquid sample is injected into a stream of solvent 𝙢𝙤𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙚 𝙥𝙝𝙖𝙨𝙚 flowing through a column packed with a separation medium 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙧𝙮 𝙥𝙝𝙖𝙨𝙚. 𝗧𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙖𝙣 𝙃𝙋𝙇𝘾 𝙋𝙐𝙈𝙋 To generate and control the flow rate of the mobile phase through the system. 𝙄𝙉𝙅𝙀𝘾𝙏𝙊𝙍 Where the sample is introduced into the system. 𝘾𝙊𝙇𝙐𝙈𝙉 Where the separation of compounds takes place. 𝘿𝙀𝙏𝙀𝘾𝙏𝙊𝙍 To analyze the separated compounds and generate a signal. 𝘿𝘼𝙏𝘼 𝙎𝙔𝙎𝙏𝙀𝙈 To collect and analyze the data produced by the detector. 𝙏𝙔𝙋𝙀𝙎 𝙊𝙁 𝙃𝙋𝙇𝘾 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙚 𝙋𝙝𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙃𝙋𝙇𝘾 This is the most common technique where the stationary phase is nonpolar and the mobile phase is polar. It is useful for separating organic molecules based on hydrophobic interactions. 𝙉𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙡 𝙋𝙝𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙃𝙋𝙇𝘾 In this technique, the stationary phase is polar and the mobile phase is nonpolar. It is commonly used for separating polar compounds. 𝐈𝐨𝐧-𝐄𝐱𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐲 This technique separates compounds based on their charge interactions with the stationary phase. 𝐒𝐢𝐳𝐞-𝐄𝐱𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐲 This technique separates compounds based on their size, with larger molecules eluting first. 𝗔𝗱𝘃𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗣𝗟𝗖 1)Speed 2)Efficiency 3)Accuracy 4)Versatile and extremely precise when it comes to identifying and quantifying chemical components. 𝗟𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗣𝗟𝗖 1)𝗖𝗼𝘀𝘁 - Despite its advantages, HPLC can be costly, requiring large quantities of expensive organics. 2)𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗶𝘁𝘆 3)HPLC does have 𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘆 for certain compounds, and some cannot be detected as they are irreversibly adsorbed. 4)Volatile substances are better separated by gas chromatography. #HPLC #Pharmaceutical #Diagnostic #Biochemistry #AnithaGnanasekaran

**************RP-HPLC****************** Reverse Phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) is a type of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography that uses a hydrophobic stationary phase and a hydrophilic mobile phase to separate and analyze mixtures of compounds. Key characteristics of RP-HPLC: 1. Stationary phase: Hydrophobic materials like silica or polymers modified with hydrocarbon chains (e.g., C18, C8). 2. Mobile phase: Hydrophilic solvents like water, methanol, or acetonitrile, often with a gradient of increasing organic solvent concentration. 3. Separation mechanism: Hydrophobic interactions between the stationary phase and the analytes, with more hydrophobic compounds retained longer. 4. Column selection: RP-HPLC columns are available with various particle sizes, pore sizes, and surface chemistries to optimize separations. 5. Applications: - Analysis of non-polar to moderately polar compounds - Separation of complex mixtures, such as pharmaceuticals, peptides, and proteins - Determination of compound purity and identification - Quantitation of target analytes Advantages of RP-HPLC: 1. High resolution and sensitivity 2. Wide range of column chemistries and dimensions 3. Compatibility with various detection methods (UV, MS, ELSD) 4. Robust and reproducible separations Common applications of RP-HPLC include: 1. Pharmaceutical analysis (drug development, quality control) 2. Biotechnology (protein and peptide analysis) 3. Food safety and quality control 4. Environmental monitoring (pesticides, pollutants) 5. Research and development in various fields (e.g., chemistry, biochemistry, biomedicine)

Liquid chromatography (LC) is an essential analytical technique employed in various scientific fields for the separation, identification, and quantification of components in a mixture. Its effectiveness and versatility make it a vital tool in research, quality control, and regulatory environments. This overview highlights the fundamental principles, types, components, applications, advantages, and limitations of liquid chromatography. #Principles of Liquid Chromatography 1. Separation Mechanism: - LC relies on the partitioning of compounds between a stationary phase (usually a solid or liquid coated on a solid) and a mobile phase (a liquid solvent). - Different compounds interact differently with the stationary phase, leading to varied retention times. 2. Types of Liquid Chromatography: - High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Uses high pressure to push solvents through the column, allowing for faster and more efficient separations. - Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC): Separates molecules based on size. - Ion-Exchange Chromatography: Separates ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger. - Reverse-Phase Chromatography: The stationary phase is non-polar, and the mobile phase is polar, commonly used for hydrophobic compounds. 3. Components: - Pump: Delivers the mobile phase at a constant flow rate. - Injector: Introduces the sample into the flow of the mobile phase. - Column: Contains the stationary phase and is where separation occurs. - Detector: Measures the compounds as they elute from the column (e.g., UV-Vis, fluorescence, mass spectrometry). #Applications - Pharmaceuticals: Analyzing drug purity and concentration. - Environmental Testing: Monitoring pollutants in water and soil. - Food Industry: Quality control and analysis of food additives and contaminants. - Biotechnology: Purifying proteins and nucleic acids. #Advantages - High resolution and sensitivity. - Ability to analyze complex mixtures. - Versatile and adaptable to various types of samples. #Limitations - Requires careful method development. - Can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. - Equipment can be costly. #Conclusion Liquid chromatography is a powerful analytical tool that enables precise analysis and separation of chemical compounds. Its versatility and efficiency are crucial for many applications across different scientific disciplines.

🌟 Exploring the Power of Chromatography Techniques 🌟 In the world of analytical chemistry, chromatography stands out as a fundamental technique essential for the separation, identification, and quantification of components in complex mixtures. Let's dive into why chromatography techniques are so crucial across various industries: 🔎 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): HPLC is widely used for its precision and versatility in analyzing and purifying compounds. Whether in pharmaceuticals, environmental monitoring, or food safety, HPLC's ability to handle a variety of samples makes it indispensable. It’s the gold standard for ensuring drug purity and potency, identifying contaminants, and verifying compliance with regulations. 🔎 Gas Chromatography (GC): GC is a powerhouse for analyzing volatile and semi-volatile compounds. It excels in petrochemical, forensic, and environmental analysis, providing high-resolution separations and reliable quantifications. GC is essential for detecting pollutants, analyzing toxic substances, and monitoring air quality, ensuring public safety and environmental protection. 🔎 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC): TLC is a cost-effective and straightforward method used for preliminary analysis and monitoring the progress of chemical reactions. It’s particularly valuable in pharmaceuticals and biochemistry for rapid screening and qualitative analysis. TLC’s simplicity and efficiency make it a preferred choice for small-scale applications and educational purposes. 🔎 Affinity Chromatography: Affinity chromatography is a highly selective technique used to purify proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. Leveraging specific interactions between the target molecule and a binding partner, it’s a cornerstone in biotechnology and biopharmaceutical production. This technique ensures the purity and functionality of therapeutic proteins and other biological products. 👉 Why Chromatography Matters: ✔Accuracy and Precision: Chromatography techniques provide unparalleled accuracy and precision, essential for ensuring product quality and safety. ✔ Versatility: From pharmaceuticals to environmental analysis, chromatography adapts to a wide range of applications, demonstrating its versatility and indispensability. ✔Regulatory Compliance: Stringent regulatory standards across industries rely on chromatography for compliance, making it a critical tool for quality assurance and control. ✔Innovation and Research: Chromatography is at the heart of innovation, driving research and development in drug discovery, environmental science, and beyond. Embracing the power of chromatography means committing to excellence in analysis and quality control. Let's connect and discuss how chromatography techniques can enhance your analytical capabilities and drive your projects forward! #AnalyticalChemistry #Chromatography #HPLC #GasChromatography #ThinLayerChromatography #AffinityChromatography #Biotechnology

Hi Connections!! 🌟Excited to Share My Hands-On HPLC Experience at Biocon SDN BHD!🌟 After two months of my internship at Biocon SDN BHD, I am thrilled to have gained extensive hands-on experience in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), primarily focusing on reverse-phase HPLC for drug substance and drug product testing. 🔹 Principle Proficiency: Understanding the core principles of HPLC has been instrumental in my ability to design effective analytical methods and interpret results accurately. 🔹 Hands-On Expertise: I have honed my skills in handling HPLC systems, from priming and washing to injector purging, column attachment, and flow rate optimization. 🔹 Analytical Proficiency: My experience includes quantifying impurities in drug substances using RP-HPLC and determining high molecular weight protein (HMWP) in both drug substances and products through size exclusion chromatography. 🔹 Empower 3 Software: I have successfully integrated and analyzed chromatographic results using Empower 3 software, enhancing my data processing capabilities and result interpretation skills. While I have made significant strides in my HPLC journey, I am dedicated to ongoing learning and troubleshooting to further refine my skills. The dynamic nature of HPLC analysis keeps me engaged and motivated to explore new challenges and opportunities within this field. I am grateful for the hands-on experience and knowledge gained during my internship. #HPLC #AnalyticalChemistry #InternshipExperience #ContinuousLearning

Chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze complex mixtures of substances into their individual components. It's widely used in various fields including chemistry, biochemistry, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage analysis, environmental monitoring, and more. The principle behind chromatography involves the differential distribution of the components of a mixture between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid, while the mobile phase is typically a liquid or a gas. As the mixture passes through the stationary phase carried by the mobile phase, the different components interact differently with the stationary phase, leading to separation based on their chemical or physical properties. There are many types of chromatography techniques, including: 1. Liquid Chromatography (LC): Involves a liquid mobile phase and a stationary phase, often packed into a column. Variants include High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). 2. Gas Chromatography (GC): Utilizes a gaseous mobile phase and a stationary phase coated on a solid support inside a column. GC is often used for volatile compounds. 3. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC): Involves a thin layer of stationary phase coated onto a flat surface like glass or plastic. TLC is frequently used in qualitative analysis to determine the composition of a sample. 4. Paper Chromatography: Similar to TLC but uses paper as the stationary phase. It's simple and inexpensive but less precise compared to other methods. 5. Ion Exchange Chromatography: Separates ions based on their charge using a charged stationary phase. 6. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC): Separates molecules based on their size as they pass through porous beads in the column. 7. Affinity Chromatography: Exploits specific interactions, such as antigen-antibody or enzyme-substrate interactions, for purification or separation. Chromatography is an incredibly versatile technique and is often coupled with other analytical techniques, such as mass spectrometry or spectroscopy, for compound identification and quantification.

Chromatography, a cornerstone technique in analytical chemistry, continues to revolutionize various fields with its unparalleled ability to separate and analyze complex mixtures. Key applications: • Pharmaceutical industry: Drug purity testing and development • Food & Beverage: Quality control and safety testing • Environmental science: Pollutant detection and analysis • Forensics: Chemical evidence analysis • Biotechnology: Protein and DNA analysis How it works: Chromatography relies on the differential partitioning of components between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. As the sample moves through the system, components separate based on their unique interactions with these phases. From simple paper chromatography to advanced HPLC and GC-MS systems, this technique has evolved to meet diverse analytical needs across industries. Embracing chromatography means unlocking a world of molecular insights, paving the way for groundbreaking discoveries and innovations. What's your experience with chromatography? Share your thoughts below! 👇 #Chromatography #AnalyticalChemistry #LaboratoryTechniques #ScienceAndTechnology #PharmaceuticalIndustry #FoodScience #EnvironmentalAnalysis #Forensics #Biotechnology #HPLC #GasChromatography

𝗛𝗜𝗚𝗛 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 (𝙃𝙋𝙇𝘾) It is a powerful analytical technique used to separate, identify, and quantify compounds in a mixture. It is commonly used in various fields including pharmaceuticals, environmental analysis, food and beverages, and forensic science. 𝙒𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙃𝙋𝙇𝘾 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙩'𝙨 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙥𝙡𝙚 It's a process of separating components in a liquid mixture. A liquid sample is injected into a stream of solvent 𝙢𝙤𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙚 𝙥𝙝𝙖𝙨𝙚 flowing through a column packed with a separation medium 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙧𝙮 𝙥𝙝𝙖𝙨𝙚. 𝗧𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙖𝙣 𝙃𝙋𝙇𝘾 𝙋𝙐𝙈𝙋 To generate and control the flow rate of the mobile phase through the system. 𝙄𝙉𝙅𝙀𝘾𝙏𝙊𝙍 Where the sample is introduced into the system. 𝘾𝙊𝙇𝙐𝙈𝙉 Where the separation of compounds takes place. 𝘿𝙀𝙏𝙀𝘾𝙏𝙊𝙍 To analyze the separated compounds and generate a signal. 𝘿𝘼𝙏𝘼 𝙎𝙔𝙎𝙏𝙀𝙈 To collect and analyze the data produced by the detector. 𝙏𝙔𝙋𝙀𝙎 𝙊𝙁 𝙃𝙋𝙇𝘾 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙚 𝙋𝙝𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙃𝙋𝙇𝘾 This is the most common technique where the stationary phase is nonpolar and the mobile phase is polar. It is useful for separating organic molecules based on hydrophobic interactions. 𝙉𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙡 𝙋𝙝𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙃𝙋𝙇𝘾 In this technique, the stationary phase is polar and the mobile phase is nonpolar. It is commonly used for separating polar compounds. 𝐈𝐨𝐧-𝐄𝐱𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐲 This technique separates compounds based on their charge interactions with the stationary phase. 𝐒𝐢𝐳𝐞-𝐄𝐱𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐲 This technique separates compounds based on their size, with larger molecules eluting first. 𝗔𝗱𝘃𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗣𝗟𝗖 1)Speed 2)Efficiency 3)Accuracy 4)Versatile and extremely precise when it comes to identifying and quantifying chemical components. 𝗟𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗣𝗟𝗖 1)𝗖𝗼𝘀𝘁 - Despite its advantages, HPLC can be costly, requiring large quantities of expensive organics. 2)𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗶𝘁𝘆 3)HPLC does have 𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘆 for certain compounds, and some cannot be detected as they are irreversibly adsorbed. 4)Volatile substances are better separated by gas chromatography. #HPLC #Pharmaceutical

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#CMI0324: Chemistry & Life Sciences Flow #Chemistry in Drug Discovery: Exploring the Benefits and Considerations for Synthesis For the synthesis of compounds in #pharmaceutical applications, it is important to select the most appropriate flow chemistry regime and equipment based on the goals of the application. #Flowchemistry enables safe, precise and efficient synthesis of compounds that can be scaled from pilot projects to manufacturing. Automated flow systems can quickly synthesize a wide range of compounds, making it ideal for generating libraries for early stages of drug discovery. This article delves into the key considerations when using continuous or segmented flow chemistry approaches. Flow chemistry is when reactants are continuously pumped into a flow reactor with efficient mixing, and the product is collected. However, the development of automated flow systems is now allowing segmented flow regimes, using careful coordination of smaller aliquots of reactants to create smaller quantities of products. It is therefore important to carefully consider the appropriate flow regime to match your aims and experimental needs. Flow Chemistry: Continuous Flow Continuous flow describes chemical reactions occurring in flow reactor systems with cylindrical geometries, where reactants are continually introduced and mixed radially, effectively functioning as a series of ‘plugs’—or slugs—flowing through the system. Figure 1 highlights this phenomenon, where each coherent plug has a given length (dx) and volume (dV), traveling in the longitudinal direction of the reactor. The ‘ideal’ plug flow model assumes a steady state, no mixing between plugs, a constant density, and that only one reaction occurs. (...) Read more about this topic from Leandro Carvalho, Senior Product Specialist, and Omar Jina, Chief Commercial Officer, Syrris, Royston, UK, in our latest #CMI issue: https://lnkd.in/efsUQj9e