Virogin Biotech’s Post

𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐂𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫 𝐕𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 Cancer vaccines represent a promising frontier in the field of oncology, aiming to harness the body’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent infectious diseases by priming the immune system against specific pathogens, cancer vaccines are designed to target abnormal proteins or antigens expressed by cancer cells. 𝐂𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐤 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐆𝐞𝐭 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐏𝐃𝐅 𝐁𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐞: https://lnkd.in/gGrs6w5z There are two main types of cancer vaccines: preventive (prophylactic) vaccines and therapeutic vaccines. 1. Preventive Vaccines: These are administered to individuals without cancer to prevent certain types of cancers caused by infections. A notable example is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which protects against HPV #infections that can lead to cervical and other cancers. Another example is the Hepatitis B vaccine, which prevents liver cancer associated with chronic Hepatitis B infections. 2. Therapeutic Vaccines: These are designed for patients who already have cancer. Therapeutic cancer vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively. They can be made from a variety of substances, such as cancer cells, parts of cancer cells, or antigens specific to cancer cells. By presenting these antigens to the immune system, either alone or in combination with immune-stimulating substances called adjuvants, #therapeutic vaccines aim to train the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells throughout the body. Despite the promise of cancer vaccines, developing effective ones has proven challenging. Cancer cells can evade detection by the immune system in various ways, and tumors often create a suppressive microenvironment that hinders immune responses. Researchers are continually exploring new strategies to enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines, such as combining them with other treatments like immune checkpoint inhibitors or targeted therapies. Currently, therapeutic cancer vaccines are being studied in #clinical trials for various types of cancer, including melanoma, prostate cancer, and lung cancer. While some vaccines have shown promising results in certain patient populations, more research is needed to understand their long-term effectiveness, safety profiles, and potential side effects. Cancer vaccines represent a personalized approach to cancer treatment and prevention, leveraging the body’s own defenses against this complex disease. Continued research and development in this field hold the potential to revolutionize cancer care by offering new options for patients across different stages of the disease. #Cancertherapeutics #Cancer #therapeutics #market #health #innovation #pharma

📃Scientific paper: Designing a Novel Multiepitope Vaccine from the Human Papilloma Virus E1 and E2 Proteins for Indonesia with Immunoinformatics and Molecular Dynamics Approaches Abstract: [Image: see text] One of the deadliest malignant cancer in women globally is cervical cancer. Specifically, cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer in Indonesia. The main infectious agent of cervical cancer is the human papilloma virus (HPV). Although licensed prophylactic vaccines are available, cervical cancer cases are on the rise. Therapy using multiepitope-based vaccines is a very promising therapy for cervical cancer. This study aimed to develop a multiepitope vaccine based on the E1 and E2 proteins of HPV 16, 18, 45, and 52 using in silico. In this study, we develop a novel multiepitope vaccine candidate using an immunoinformatic approach. We predicted the epitopes of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T lymphocyte (HTL) and evaluated their immunogenic properties. Population coverage analysis of qualified epitopes was conducted to determine the successful use of the vaccine worldwide. The epitopes were constructed into a multiepitope vaccine by using AAY linkers between the CTL epitopes and GPGPG linkers between the HTL epitopes. The tertiary structure of the multiepitope vaccine was modeled with AlphaFold and was evaluated by Prosa-web. The results of vaccine construction were analyzed for B-cell epitope prediction, molecular docking with Toll like receptor-4 (TLR4), and molecular dynamics simulation. The results of epitope prediction obtained 4 CTL epitopes and 7 HTL epitopes that are eligible for construction of multiepitope v... Continued on ES/IODE ➡️ https://etcse.fr/qHeT ------- If you find this interesting, feel free to follow, comment and share. We need your help to enhance our visibility, so that our platform continues to serve you.

VACCINE INDUCED TURBO CANCER Literature is growing rapidly - 6 new COVID-19 Vaccine Turbo Cancer papers published in April 2024 - 26 total - the dam is breaking and it will take Pfizer & Moderna with it! Pfizer & Moderna COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines cause aggressive "Turbo Cancers"...for some of us, this is now well established, but for others... "Turbo Cancer doesn't exist in the literature - I couldn't find any papers!" - this is the nonsense I encounter daily from the heavily propagandized and brainwashed, even many MDs and PhDs who took the experimental mRNA jabs in a Walmart parking lot for a krispy kreme donut or free fries. Well, don't look now but 6 Turbo Cancer papers have come out in the past 2 weeks, making the total ~ 26 papers (give or take). I list and link them all (including the most recent 6 papers) (2024 Apr, Zhang and El-Deiry) - SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 subunit inhibits p53 activation of p21(WAF1), TRAIL Death Receptor DR5 and MDM2 proteins in cancer cells (2024 Apr, Rubio-Casillas et al) - Review: N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1Ψ): Friend or foe of cancer? (2024 Apr, Gibo et al) - Increased Age-Adjusted Cancer Mortality After the Third mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccine Dose During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan (2024 Apr, Abdurrahman et al) - Primary Cutaneous Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma in a Rare Location With an Immune Response to a BNT162b2 Vaccine (2024 Apr, Ueda et al) - Fetal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma following coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: an intertwined case (2024 Apr, Gentilini et al) - A Case Report of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)/Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL) Following the Second Dose of Comirnaty®: An Analysis of the Potential Pathogenic Mechanism Based on of the Existing Literature Despite the best efforts of big pharma and their corrupt allies in politics, media and medical associations (and apparently Wikipedia), the truth about mRNA Induced Turbo Cancer cannot be suppressed, or hidden. It’s coming out and there is no turning back, sorry... I see April 2024 as a watershed moment - the Turbo Cancer papers are starting to come in now fast and furiously. More case reports, more hypotheses, more evidence of mRNA Induced Turbo Cancer in the population. Many more will follow. When you look at Pfizer’s stock chart, you see a stock in freefall. As @DowdEdward would probably agree, bad news is being “priced in” over time as insiders sell and run for the hills and Pfizer share price cuts through previous support levels like a hot knife through butter...(you don't touch a stock that spends an entire year drifting under the EMA20 on the weekly chart) I believe that bad news is the truth about Pfizer’s COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines causing CANCER. The dam is breaking and make no mistake, it will take Pfizer and Moderna with it.

Are personalized vaccines the next big thing in cancer therapy? The figure below kind of speaks for itself. The therapeutic potential for mRNA technology goes well beyond its use in vaccines for infectious diseases! Because mRNA is easy to program, it can be used for a variety of other personalized therapies. One of the most intriguing of these is to use it to eradicate cancers. This is possible because cancer cells are pretty messed up and they make a lot of weird proteins that can be recognized by the immune system! These are often referred to as ‘neoantigens.' That word might look intimidating. But don't worry, neo is just ‘New’ and antigen is ‘something that can be recognized by the immune system.’ So, how can we use these ‘neoantigens’ to coax the immune system to destroy cancer? We can make mRNAs that express them, stick them in a vaccine, and prime the immune system to then specifically recognize cancer cells! But wait, if cancer cells already express these neoantigens, why doesn’t the immune system destroy cancers without the priming? Mostly it’s because tumors start out small and don’t activate enough cells to mount a strong immune response. As tumor cells grow, the immune system sees these same antigens over and over again so it begins to tolerate them. The purpose of a cancer vaccine is to supercharge the immune system to recognize tumors as invaders! The author’s of today’s paper did just that and targeted a notoriously hard cancer to beat: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma or PDAC. This cancer is lethal in 88% of patients and 90% of PDACs recur (come back) 7-9 months after surgery. So, the need for an alternative therapy is significant. In this study, patients with a PDAC that could be surgically removed were recruited and then treated with a combination of an immune checkpoint inhibitor, an individualized mRNA neoantigen vaccine, and a chemotherapy regimen. The mRNA vaccine was designed against tumor-specific neoantigens that were discovered through whole exome and RNA sequencing of the removed PDAC tissue. Ultimately, 19 patients were administered the checkpoint inhibitor, 16 went on to receive a personalized vaccine, and 15 were given the chemotherapy regimen. The overall survival and relapse free survival can be seen in (A), which in itself is a significant improvement over the current standard of care. But when broken out by vaccine responders and non-responders (B), the results are nothing short of remarkable. While only 50% of vaccine recipients responded, they were 100% relapse free beyond 18-months. Despite the small sample size of this initial study, the future of personalized cancer vaccines seems bright. And, with improved methods for neoantigen identification, hopefully we can get that responder rate closer to 100% too! ### Rojas LA et al. 2023. Personalized RNA neoantigen vaccines stimulate T cells in pancreatic cancer. Nature. DOI:10.1038/s41586-023-06063-y

💥 For cancer vaccines (killing cancer cells) Apoptosis is a key mechanism. But how does apoptosis work? In short: It is programmed cell death induced by various mechanisms, e.g. by immune cells recognising tumor antigens. As the fantastic video on this Post by NH Sponsorships illustrates: apoptosis in itself is not difficult to comprehend. T cells tell other cell to die, and they obey and destroy themselves. But: Who's in charge of this mechanism? Who decides which cells should go? And why don't all cells die, like in necrosis, once 'death' comes? 🧬 Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a highly complex, regulated and controlled process that allows our cells to self-destruct in a manner that does not harm the surrounding tissue. It is characterized by a series of biochemical events leading to specific cellular changes and death. It involves caspase (enzymes) activation, leading to cellular disassembly, DNA fragmentation, and membrane changes. Dead cells are then swiftly cleared by phagocytes, preventing inflammation. In cancer vaccines, apoptosis can be achieved through 1) direct targeting of cancer cells by the vaccine or 2) by stimulating the immune system to attack the cancer cells. In both cases the cancer cells undergo apoptosis, break apart in a controlled manner. This itself leads to the release of more tumor antigens and the immune response is activated. Also immune memory is created providing long-term surveillance and protection. By utilising apoptosis in this way, cancer vaccines can effectively train the immune system to recognise and eliminate cancer cells, potentially leading to improved treatment outcomes and reduced risk of recurrence. ✔️ So, apoptosis is crucial in many biological processes, e.g. in the elimination of cancerous cells. For cancer vaccines, apoptosis in tumor cells is a key strategy to expose tumor antigens to the immune system in a controlled manner, facilitating the development of a targeted anti-tumor immune response. We're not there yet with cancer vaccines. But we are on our way. Comments to improve my insights are very welcome ! # cancervaccines

I recommend people in IO space to review the paper, co-authored by Virogin's team. Dr.Kuan Zhang, our senior scientist, was the main driver for the work. It presents a comprehensive study on a therapeutic HPV mRNA vaccine in a mouse model with established HPV(+) tumors (TC-1). The significance of this research extends beyond merely demonstrating the effectiveness of this novel mRNA vaccine developed by Kuan's team at Virogin in eradicating tumors in vivo. More interestingly, the study carefully examines the development of resistance to the vaccine in this immune competent animal model (Fig.3). The findings reveal that the diminishing efficacy of the vaccine in larger tumors is attributed to alterations in the tumor microenvironment (TME). As tumors grow, the TME becomes increasingly immune-suppressive, characterized by a reduction in cytotoxic T-cells and an increase in Tregs and MDSCs. It's important to emphasize that the tumors under investigation were not subjected to treatment. Thus, it appears that, as tumors progress, they developed a strategy to counteract host immune rejection by inducing an immune-suppressive TME. While this is not new, it is the first time to my knowledge to demonstrate TC-1 is a good model to understand the mechanisms through which tumor cells orchestrate these changes in the TME. Obviously, the tumors are subject to immune rejection from day 1. But somehow the tumor cells managed to develop their counteracting strategies. It is interesting to ask whether it is the tumor mass determines this immune suppressive nature or the tumor mass is merely the result of induced immune suppressive TME. The hypotheis of "size matters" can easily testable by comparing the TME of early time point for the tumors with different amount of tumor cells initially implanted.

#molecularbiology #immunology #vaccination #vaccine From #frontier publication Platforms for #cancer #vaccine design and production focusing on "nucleic acid-based vaccines" With about 10 million deaths per year, cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. For decades, one of the main goals of researchers around the world has been to find effective tools to fight cancer. In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as an efficient strategy for cancer treatment. Stimulation of an immune response against tumor antigens is the basis for the design of anticancer vaccines. In general, cancer vaccine manufacturing platforms are classified into 4 groups: 1. Cell-based vaccines: Autologous (taken from a patient) or allogeneic (taken from another person) cells are used to produce cell vaccines. To enhance the immune response against tumor cells, tumor cell lines can be genetically modified by introducing cytokines, chemokines and genes encoding stimulatory molecules or by silencing immunosuppressive genes. A limitation of this method is that it is sometimes difficult to obtain sufficient numbers of cells to induce an effective immune response. 2. Peptide-based vaccines: These vaccines are composed of tumor-specific peptide antigens with high immunogenicity. Also, synthetic peptides are used to produce personalized cancer vaccines. With the help of this platform, vaccines for liver and cervical cancers have been produced. However, one of the main disadvantages of this vaccination approach is that the peptides do not activate the innate immune system, leading to ineffective and weak T cell responses. 3. Virus-based cancer vaccines: Many viruses are intrinsically immunogenic, and furthermore, their genetic content can be manipulated to express tumor antigens. Several viruses have been used as substrates for cancer vaccines. The most common virus-based vaccine vectors are adenoviruses, poxviruses, and alphaviruses. The negative point in relation to virus-based vaccines is the antiviral immune response that can neutralize the vector and also limit the repetition of vaccine injections. 4. Nucleic acid-based vaccines: These are vaccines that express antigens with the help of messenger DNA or RNA. Nucleic acid-based vaccine is a promising and attractive platform because it can simultaneously express multiple antigens and also induce strong MHC I-mediated CD8+ T cell responses. However, the weak immunogenicity of DNA vaccines and their long-term expression have drawn attention to RNA vaccines. Messenger RNA vaccines are an attractive and powerful immunotherapy platform against cancer due to their high immunogenicity, fast and large-scale development capability, and low production cost. MHC I molecules: are responsible for presenting peptide fragments to CD8+ T cells, which triggers an immediate immune system response against a non-self antigen. More information 👇 https://lnkd.in/dG9DafvU

𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐂𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫 𝐕𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬? Various categories of cancer vaccines exist, each with distinct mechanisms and targets. #CancerResearch #cancervaccines #Nexogic #healthcare #cancerawareness #cancercare There are several types of cancer vaccines, each designed to prevent or treat cancer by leveraging the body's immune system. The main categories include: Preventive (Prophylactic) Vaccines: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine: Guards against certain strains of HPV known to cause cervical and other cancers. Hepatitis B Vaccine: Averts infections with the hepatitis B virus, reducing the risk of liver cancer. Therapeutic Vaccines: Sipuleucel-T: Used for prostate cancer, stimulates the immune system to target and attack prostate cancer cells. Pembrolizumab: An immune checkpoint inhibitor used in the treatment of certain advanced cancers. Personalized Cancer Vaccines: Tailored to an individual's specific cancer profile, considering unique genetic mutations or other characteristics of their tumor. Currently in early stages of development. Dendritic Cell Vaccines: Utilize dendritic cells, a type of immune cell, to stimulate an immune response against cancer cells. The cells are usually loaded with antigens from the patient's own tumor. Tumor Cell Vaccines: Use whole cancer cells or parts of them to stimulate an immune response. These can be autologous (from the patient's own cells) or allogeneic (from another donor). Vector-Based Vaccines: Incorporate viral vectors to deliver genetic material from cancer cells, triggering an immune response. These may include viral vectors like adenoviruses or lentiviruses. Peptide or Protein-Based Vaccines: Contain specific peptides or proteins found in cancer cells to stimulate an immune response. These may include cancer-specific antigens. Viral Vector Vaccines: Use modified viruses to carry genetic material that stimulates an immune response against cancer cells. It's important to note that research in cancer vaccines is ongoing, and new types may emerge as the field advances. Additionally, the availability of these vaccines may vary based on the type of cancer and the stage of development.

🌟 **Exciting Advances in Cancer Treatment!** 🌟 I'm thrilled to share groundbreaking news about **mRNA vaccines** and their potential impact on cancer treatment. 🎉 🔬 **How mRNA Vaccines Work:** Over the past three decades, researchers have harnessed the power of **messenger RNA (mRNA)** to create vaccines. These tiny molecules carry instructions to our cells, prompting them to produce specific proteins. In the case of mRNA cancer vaccines, the goal is to stimulate an immune response against tumor-specific proteins. 🦠🔍 🌱 **Promising Early Results:** For nearly a decade, scientists have been testing mRNA-based cancer treatment vaccines in small trials. These vaccines hold immense promise for various cancer types, including **pancreatic cancer**, **colorectal cancer**, and **melanoma**. Some trials even combine mRNA vaccines with drugs that enhance the body's immune response to tumors. 🌈 🚀 **COVID-19 Vaccine Success Accelerates Research:** The success of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines has paved the way for accelerated clinical research in cancer vaccines. Companies like **Pfizer-BioNTech** and **Moderna** drew on their experience with mRNA cancer vaccines to develop their coronavirus vaccines. Now, the same technology is being explored to combat cancer. 💪 🔍 **Ongoing Clinical Trials:** Dozens of clinical trials are underway, evaluating the safety and effectiveness of mRNA cancer vaccines. While no mRNA cancer vaccine has yet been approved by the **US Food and Drug Administration**, findings from these trials are starting to emerge. 📊 🌟 **Hope on the Horizon:** Imagine a future where personalized mRNA vaccines empower our immune systems to target cancer cells directly. It's a beacon of hope for patients and their families. 🌅 Let's continue supporting research, spreading awareness, and celebrating scientific breakthroughs! 🙌 #CancerResearch #mRNAVaccines #HopeForTheFuture *P.S. Feel free to share this post—it might reach someone who needs it!* 🤝 Source: (1) How mRNA Vaccines Might Help Treat Cancer - NCI. https://lnkd.in/erxPMr6f. (2) An mRNA vaccine to treat pancreatic cancer | National Institutes of .... https://lnkd.in/e_bcQW4n. (3) Can mRNA vaccines be used in cancer care?. https://lnkd.in/eNYzGrxM. (4) How mRNA Vaccines Help Fight Cancer Tumors, Too. https://lnkd.in/eKZzuTHN.

#Cancer #Vaccines from an #Immunology Perspective | Shania Makker et al Review the State-of-the-Art Focusing on #DendriticCells as #Orchestrators of anti-#Tumour #Immunity 👍 | OPEN ACCESS at #Immunotherapy Advances | British Society for Immunology The concept of a therapeutic cancer vaccine to activate anti-tumour immunity pre-dates innovations in checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. However, vaccination strategies have yet to show the hoped-for successes in patients, and unanswered questions regarding the underlying immunological mechanisms behind cancer vaccines have hampered translation to clinical practice. Recent advances in our understanding of the potential of tumour mutational burden and neo-antigen-reactive T cells for response to immunotherapy have re-ignited enthusiasm for cancer vaccination strategies, coupled with the development of novel mRNA-based vaccines following successes in prevention of COVID-19. Here*, Shania Makker, Charlotte Galley & Clare Bennett summarise current developments in cancer vaccines and discuss how advances in our comprehension of the cellular interplay in immunotherapy-responsive tumours may inform better design of therapeutic cancer vaccines, with a focus on the role of dendritic cells as the orchestrators of anti-tumour immunity. The increasing number of clinical trials and research being funnelled into cancer vaccines has demonstrated the ‘proof-of-principle’, supporting the hypothesis that therapeutic vaccines have potential as an immuno-oncology agent. For efficacious and safe cancer vaccines to be developed, better understanding of the underpinning immunological mechanisms is paramount. *https://lnkd.in/d8M6vCF7 Celentyx Ltd #immunooncology www.celentyx.com Professor Nicholas Barnes PhD, FBPhS Omar Qureshi Catherine Brady SCHEMATIC | Targeting DCs to enhance therapeutic cancer vaccines | Our increased understanding of the role of DCs in anti-tumour immunity may inform opportunities for intervention: (1) vaccine-mediated delivery of antigens to DCs and activation of migration to LNs; (2) enhanced priming of naïve tumour-reactive T cells. Antigen presentation to Tcf1+CD8+ T cells may augment the pool of circulating effector T cells that are sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibition; (3) interventions that directly increase intra-tumoural DC activity (frequency, antigen presentation, activation) to re-invigorate exhausted T cells, probably in the presence of checkpoint inhibition |