Research Article: Contemporary Social and Political Issues in Pakistan and Their Solutions

Research Article: Contemporary Social and Political Issues In Pakistan and Their Solutions

Abstract:

Pakistan is at the crossroads of running through the so-called big politics, where the title role of political gamers is persistently and boldly leading the country in their own-created way. Since the origin of Pakistan in 1947, the democratic state is facing and struggling for its existence and preserving its internal security on the world level. Today, the major problem in Pakistan is that of terrorism that has emerged as a negative image in both the foreign world and also within inter-state matters and decision-making. Pakistan can reach its political and socio-economic development attributable and ascribe to the enhancement and advancement of the fastidious and planned governance or the incumbency. In this article pre-requisites of good governance with political, economic, and social governance issues are highlighted. Governance is the echo of the world politics dominantly ruling the country with multiple complexities residing within it. There are multiple issues of governance in Pakistan that are foreground and pointed-up. Today’s Pakistan is facing and struggling in terms of the development of political, economic, and social governance. On the chessboard of Pakistan’s politics, each provincial leader is playing their cards to shanghai and a kind of a punchbowl to maintain and outstretched objectives and aspirations. Pakistan’s governance is very weak and going through the process of instability and many political ineffectiveness and deficiencies are attention. Some suggestions are also given for attaining the status of good governance in Pakistan.

Key Words:

Governance, Issues, Political, Economic, Social, Suggestions.

Introduction:

Pakistan’s creation in the name of an Islamic democratic state, right after the independence is moving in a twisting way from different perspectives such as in terms of governance in Pakistan, political situations, the role of political leaders, the military performance also the commencement of public opinion. In the past, Pakistan has gone through several troubles and crises due to its unstable internal domestic politics and due to the opposition of the different bureaucrats in allocating any commandeer step. Pakistan’s dissemination and divergence include several factors such as its social, religious, ethnic, territorial, and general matters and circumstances. In the ideological space, Pakistan has economically and politically inconsistent development. Pakistan’s national development is highly concomitant and ineffective, and its independence is apprehended by the accumulation of the population, Kashmir issue and other conflicts with India, the aid provided by the foreign countries specifically the SA, and the Afghan revolt. Pakistan’s basis lies in the knowledge and advancement that leads towards appeasement and modification. The political background of Pakistan originated from the phase, whereby when the Indian Muslims come out of the British imperialism, sort out for the self-rule in building up for a liberal-democratic based separate homeland. Mapping on a geographical circle, Pakistan on the Arabian Sea, is bordered by Iran, Afghanistan, India, China, and Russia. Pakistan is an agricultural state, due to which Indus Rivers which centers the whole country covers the political dimension in different ways.

Social Issues in Pakistan

● Over-population

● Illiteracy

● Unemployment

● Poverty

● Child Labor

● Corruption

● Lack of Rule of Law

● Nepotism

● Violence, Terrorism, and Extremism

● Gender Discrimination

Over-Population:

Over-population is a major social issue in Pakistan. The total population of Pakistan is circa 221 million making Pakistan the fifth most populous country in the world. Moreover, the population growth rate is 2.8%, which means 3.6 million each year in Pakistan. As per estimates, the population of Pakistan will double from the current 221 million to 440 million by 2055. Thus, the population is increasing day by day. Overpopulation is generally considered the root cause of all the social evils. Overpopulation leads to crimes, social unrest, deforestation, environmental issues, water crisis, exhaustion of resources, unemployment, lawlessness, corruption, etc.

Illiteracy:

As per reports, the literacy rate in Pakistan is 58 percent only. Illiteracy leads to inequality among the masses, class differences, social divisions, unemployment, poverty, etc. Illiteracy is the major reason why Pakistan is still a third world developing country and lagging behind the world in various fields.

Unemployment:

It is another major issue in Pakistan. As per reports, the unemployment rate in Pakistan was at approximately 4.45 percent in 2019. Recently, due to the recent pandemic, like in other countries, unemployment has skyrocketed. Often lack of meritocracy and illiteracy on a large scale are major factors behind unemployment. Furthermore, unemployment gives rise to various social issues like poverty, backwardness, economic downfall of the country, etc.

Poverty:

Poverty is another major social problem in Pakistan. According to a report submitted by the Ministry of Planning and Development in the National Assembly of Pakistan, around 29.5% of Pakistani lived below the poverty line which translates into 55 million people. Moreover, the Economic Survey 2019-20 estimates that another 10 million people are likely to slip below the poverty line. Devoid of resources to earn, people often turn to illegal ways like snatching, stealing, corruption, extortion, etc. for survival. Thus, it will be apt to say that poverty is the mother of various social evils.

Child Labor:

Child labor is in inverse relationship to the literacy rate and development of the country. Due to poverty, children are often forced to earn for the family. In Pakistan, many young boys are working in restaurants, workshops, as conductors in public transports, etc. These children without schooling often get involved in various social evils. Morality and character-building are something one can learn from his social circle, companions, and schools. Thus, child labor gives rise to several other social issues.

Corruption:

Rampant corruption in almost every stratum of society in Pakistan is another social evil. Corruption is widespread in every class of society. It leads to illiteracy when students fail to get admission where they deserve it. Moreover, it also leads to unemployment due to a lack of merit and nepotism. Corruption also leads to economic downfall. It also leads to injustice. Moreover, corruption also gives rise to crimes and terrorism when people fail to get their rights.

Lack of Rule of Law:

In Pakistan, lawlessness is another social problem. On the lower level, people commonly violate traffic rules i.e., breaking signals. On a higher level, the ‘one country two rules’ principle is observed when influential people even after doing massive corruption on large scale go scot-free, while a poor person gets proper punishment after committing a minor crime. Thus, the lack of across-the-board accountability and lack of rule of law is severely tarnishing the image of Pakistan on the global stage.

Nepotism:

Nepotism means, favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs. Nepotism falls under the category of corruption. Due to nepotism, deserving people cannot get admissions or jobs. As a result, intelligent and skilled people couldn’t serve the country in various domains. Also, for this reason, Pakistan is lagging behind the world in many fields.

Violence, Terrorism & Extremism:

Violence exists in many forms in Pakistan. Most of the women suffer from domestic violence. Moreover, many cases of violence in Madrassahs and schools often surface on social media or in news. On the state level, religious violence and extremism are commonplace examples. Sit-ins at Faisalabad interchange Islamabad by TLP and destruction of public properties by some extremist elements is one example of religious violence in Pakistan. Moreover, Pakistan has remained a target of terrorism since 2001. However, the incidents of terrorism have scaled down considerably.

Gender Discrimination:

In Pakistan, gender discrimination has remained a major social issue since independence. Women are mostly sidelined from the educational and economic sector and confined to a domestic sphere with unpaid jobs, due restrictions are often placed on girls mostly in rural areas. Furthermore, women and girls are not allowed to leave the house, thus barring them from jobs. Gender discrimination is a social problem in Pakistan. Pakistani society is predominantly a patriarchal society that places women in an inferior position to men. Moreover, there are various other social problems and issues in Pakistan pertaining to women and girls that include early or forced marriages, public harassment, acid attacks, and rape. Mostly, in rural areas, child marriage at an early age is very common. It leads to excessive childbearing and health deterioration. Moreover, girls remain uneducated which ultimately impacts the upbringing of children. Moreover, in the urban sphere and cities, girls often face public harassment. Most of the girls are sexually harassed at their workplaces. Many relevant cases have been reported so far in Pakistan. Apart from these, cases of acid throwing on girls are also increasing day by day. Usually, when a girl rejects a proposal, considering this humiliation, the rejection is often avenged by acid throwing on the face of the girl leaving her disfigured for good and spoiling her future. Also, rape cases are rampant in Pakistan. Almost every day we hear such news on television. Stringent law-making is the need of the hour to curb the issues pertaining to girls and women in Pakistan. In short, Pakistan is currently beset with multifarious social issues and problems, and the mention of all the problems needs much time and space. However, some major social problems discussed above require a proactive approach and pragmatic measures to deal with. Otherwise, the social issues of Pakistan will keep hampering Pakistani society from making progress.

Political Issues in Pakistan:

● Leadership Crisis

● Institutional Corruption

● Lack Meritocracy

● Poor Democratic System

● Injustice

● Lack of Focus on Education

● Inequitable Distribution of Resources

● Lack of Accountability

● Political Influence on Organs of State and Police

● Role of Opposition Parties

Leadership Crisis :

As Chris Arnold said, “Where there is no vision, the people will perish!” A leader in a sense is defined as a person who could lead people to the achievement of common interests. After the death of Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistan has faced a serious leadership crisis as most of the leaders belong to the feudal background and they prefer their interests. Most of our leaders faced the impeachment of dishonesty, disloyalty, corruption, and relative lockup, inquiry, and persuasion. As far as Imran Khan is concerned, his aims are pellucid, rational, and taint-free. But as Machiavelli said: “The initial method for guessing the intelligence of a ruler is to look at the people around him.” Imran can prove to be a good leader, but he needs to take every single step very carefully. Pakistan has a dire need for a faithful and talented leader to lead the country towards prosperity and its goal of an exemplary nation.

Institutional Corruption:

Corruption remains a substantial obstacle for Pakistan where it is still perceived to be widespread and systemic. Petty corruption in the form of bribery is prevalent in law enforcement, procurement, and the provision of public services. The judiciary is not seen as independent and is considered to be shielding corrupt political practices from prosecution. Various efforts over the past years have tried to develop institutional mechanisms to address these problems. A National Anti-Corruption Strategy, which was developed in 2002, offers a comprehensive plan for tackling corruption. The National Accountability Bureau (NAB) ,executing agency is endowed with comprehensive powers to investigate and prosecute cases. However, a lack of political will, coupled with the perceived co-option of the judiciary and the arbitrariness of many anti-corruption proceedings, are major obstacles.

Lack of Meritocracy:

Workplaces present in Pakistan, whether in the public or the private sector, are cursed with nepotism and gender discrimination. These systems saturate executive roles with members of one family or one gender. Thus, leading to a lack of diversity. The only framework that seems to be the answer to the problems created by past systems is that of meritocracy. Based on a system that states people should be given positions in a hierarchy only on their merit. The definition of a meritocracy illustrates an equal and just society. Where anyone regardless of their upbringing can achieve their dreams. However, in reality, it has been seen that meritocracies only help the rich and privileged to gain further wealth.

Poor Democratic System:

Since its creation in 1947, Pakistan has witnessed numerous military coups, unstable and corrupt democratic governments, power-hungry leaders, economic setbacks, and Islamic terrorist activities backed by ISI. The lack of genuine international support for democratic rule in Pakistan has further encouraged the military to continue its dominance. Likewise, the it has been involved in guiding the state of affairs in Pakistan and endorsing military takeovers. However, lately, Pakistan has witnessed a movement not only for democracy but also for civil society as people have realized that democracy as a polity is significantly better than martial law. It may be interesting to note that even the military has come up in support of democracy. As these developments per se hold some hope of a change it is time to wish it well and to hope that democracy will finally take Pakistan to a civil society with which India would be able to deal in a mutually beneficial manner. After all, we too want democracy and a peaceful regime in our neighboring countries.

Injustice:

The fact that many of the founding fathers of Pakistan all had legal backgrounds suggests that respect for law must be well rooted in the country. Furthermore, justice is the basis of all Islamic teachings. This is expected to be acknowledged in a Muslim society. A society cannot survive in the absence of an appropriate, free and impartial justice system. Peace, prosperity, and development will remain absent from a country that cannot provide its people with justice. unfortunately, Pakistan fell under the influence of the feudal class right after the death of Quaid-e-Azzam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The political elite sponsored by this feudal class hijacked the economic and socio-political system. In Pakistan, about 5000 landowning families monopolized the law and used bribery and nepotism to cement their elevated status in the name of ‘democracy. Regrettably, feudal stratums have their roots in bureaucracy and the military to safeguard their prestige. One cannot even file a police report in their constituencies without their consent.

Lack of Focus on Education:

Education is the road to national development. It creates a sense of responsibility among the people. On the basis of education, people not only realize their duties but also know how to achieve their national, societal, and individual rights. One of the goals of education is to enable the people by enhancing their general consciousness regarding their national and international position as global citizens. This realization creates an atmosphere of trust and cooperation in society. Education promotes economic development and consequently, people become prosperous and play their respective roles in the overall national development . Pakistan is a developing country. Its economy is weak. There is a lack of political stability in the country. Besides, the country is in the deep grip of increasing political turmoil, expanding terrorism, incessant sectarian violence, social instability, and economic degeneration. All these problems are directly or indirectly the offshoot of a weak, polarized, Based on and non-unified education system. Today Pakistan is faced with many problems such as poverty, insecurity, sectarianism, and terrorism . The reasons for these problems are lack of tolerance, lack of general awareness, and illiteracy promoted by an ineffective education system. The vital role of education has been neglected in Pakistan which has led to low development in all fields of life. Education has been treated like a stepchild. The lowest budget has been awarded to the system of education since the establishment of Pakistan which has weakened the foundation of the quality in the education system. The education system, hence, has failed to raise the nation economically, politically, and socially. After the lapse of half a century year and the adoption of more than 25 educational policies, still, the education system has badly failed to take the nation out of the increasing economic, political and social quagmire.

Inequitable Distribution of Resources:

Pakistan is a federation in which the distribution of finances between the federation and the four federating units is a constitutional obligation of the NFC. The NFC is supposed to distribute the finances equitably so that underdeveloped areas and less privileged people are given preference and the country progresses and prospers uniformly. In practice, this has not been happening. The present elected and democratic government has promised that all provinces will be given their due and equitable share of finances and resources in the coming NFC Award. Therefore, any equitable distribution of resources is also seen to be a big challenge for the PPP government. Sindh, which is rich in natural and human resources, has progressively become poor and destitute because of the constant outflow of capital, transfer of finances and resources to other provinces. The government of Sindh must have chalked out a comprehensive plan for getting a maximum share for the province in the upcoming NFC award. But civil society groups, nationalists, and other stakeholders should plead a strong case before the federal government by designing specific goals to get its due and equitable share in the award. Resources of Sindh and Balochistan were being transferred to the two other provinces since the inception of Pakistan. But during the last many years, there had been a marked increase in the transfer of resources from the two rich provinces. The civil bureaucracy sitting in Islamabad has been depriving the two provinces of its resources. The federal government's money comes from income tax, general sales tax, central excise duty, and customs duty, which forms the divisible pool. According to the NFC formula, these resources are distributed on a population basis alone. According to the Constitution, the GST collected on services, such as telephone and electricity, is purely a provincial subject. The bureaucrats sitting in the Q block of the Pakistan secretariat in Islamabad have been collecting this tax forcibly, illegally, and unconstitutionally as a federal tax.

Lack of Accountability:

Accountability is being answerable, accountable and responsible for your actions and decisions and to your state, government, institutions and public. In Pakistan politicians make promises and commitment to fulfill public needs, demands, interests and solve public issues but once they are given power to run government after winning elections, they completely ignore their promises made to public during elections and misuse their power and authority and focus on doing corrupted and illegal activities.

Political Influence on Organs of State and Police:

According to Theory of Separation of Power, every government institution such as Legislative who make laws, Executive who implement laws and Judiciary who executes and interprets the laws as well as check legality and constitutionality of laws and Police who maintain law and order should work independently without any interference from other institutions and third parties. In Pakistan there is heavy political influence on these institutions, all their actions and decisions influenced by politicians. In legislative they make laws that further increase their power and authority. Personal interest involves instead of national interests involve in law making and create laws that can protect them from being punished as seen in changing amendments in previous constitutions, in Executive they force civil servants and bureaucrats to do their dirty work and not challenge their actions and decisions and fully support them otherwise they will use their power and authority to remove them from their positions or get transferred. If civil servants and bureaucrats fully support them even if government doing is totally unjust, they get promoted, get benefits and rewarded. In Judiciary they use favoritism, nepotism, bribery to win cases and In Judiciary justice is only rich, wealthy and those with high authority but not to poor. In Police Department again they use favoritism, bribery, nepotism, their power and authority to prevent themselves from being caught. If you are rich and have high authority both Police and Judiciary will fully support, you but if you are poor and have a low authority, they will not support you even if you in right path and innocent.

Role of Opposition Parties In Pakistan:

The opposition parties always criticize the government in any way possible. They always focus on creating bad image of winning party who wins the elections and runs the government among public mind so they can win next win next elections and their party can come in power. Instead of criticizing they should cooperate, coordinate, unite and work with the government to solve national and public issues. There is always personal interest instead of national interests and lust of power in political system in Pakistan throughout the country history.

Literature Review:

When Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947 on the map of the world, from that time political instability was started in Pakistan. They tried to make a constitution that is useful for the development of a country but poor due to provincial and language differences, the best constitution was not made. In different provinces, different languages were spoken. The distance between East and West Wings was 1000 miles. They wanted to make such a type of constitution that is based only on Islam and their minorities were ignored. The Bengali wants to make Bengali the national language of Pakistan while the national tongue was notified the Urdu. Liaquat Ali Khan was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. He passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949 and only focused on Islam because he said that Pakistan has been made for the purpose of Islam. A final draft was accepted in Sept 1955 and the real constitution was made in 1956 and Ayyub Khan exercised the power and lodged the Martial Law Since 1958 due to unavoidable circumstances in Pakistan. Pakistan is among those few countries where political instability had badly damaged the prospects of growth although the country is rich in natural resources. It has been an impediment to development in every sphere of life. However, when this menace takes a nation in its claws, economic development suffers the most. Political stability and Economic growth have a deep relationship with one another. If there is political stability in the country, the economic growth will be more than the political unstable government. Till today no stable government is occurred in Pakistan. Every time the environment was unfavorable. The political parties go against one another and make the environment of Pakistan unfavorable. Three times Marshal Law were lodged by army. So many times, the assemblies were dissolved. Due to unstable government the target objectives of the economic growth were not gained. All programs were failed. No proper planning was implemented in the country. Unemployment problems were faced to the country. Price hikes were observed in the country. No projects in a proper time were completed due to political disturbance. Like China and American countries economic growth was not gained due to political disturbance. Due to instability, no foreign investments were attracted to the country while purchasing power of the community of Pakistan, were found less than the other countries in the world due to lack of good planning. The study finally concluded that political stability is required for the high economic growth of the countries. Without political stability, the economic growth enhancement is impossible Aziz (2001) wrote that the political organization of Pakistan is very weak and after the election, they make the coalition government which is pressured every time on the winning Parties. All members of the parties work for their self-interest and do not care about national unity and economic growth. They make that type of policy for the national development which only improve the wealth of the assembly member. They spent the time and cannot achieve the national target. In the last run, the people were disappointed and raised their hands against the government and start the agitation. Similarly, East Pakistan was separated in 1971. At that time the west wing only works for West Pakistan and not for East Pakistan, so the people of east wing were disappointed and started the agitation and at last made Bangladesh. The assembly does not focus on the national interest while work for the self-interest of the Party. Now a day such type of situation also exists in Baluchistan, Sindh and KPK. The total population of Punjab is more than the other provinces. The seat in the national assembly is also more than the other province. So, the center only focuses for the development of Punjab because there in the national Assembly the total seat of Punjab is more than the other provinces and benefits every time goes to Punjab and ignore the other provinces national rights. Now a day every province tries for a separate country which damages national unity. After separation of East Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took advantage of the hatred against Ayyub’s economic policies and promised to restore the principles of distributive justice and equity to the forefront of Pakistan’s development strategy under the slogan of Islamic socialism. Democratic policies of nationalization of industries, banks, insurance companies, educational institutions and other organizations Bhutto, spoiled Pakistan’s journey toward modernization and faster economic development. This setback hit Pakistan strongly that East Asian countries which were lagging behind in Pakistan growth and economic indicators in the late 1960s, not only exceeded it, but also became a huge success story. No oil price shock of the 1970s, as well as droughts, foods and the withdrawal of foreign aid does not help in this case, either. Decreased growth rate in the 1970s to 3.7 percent per year from 6 percent recorded in the 1960s. Increased inequality in income compared with the previous period, while inflation accelerated, averaging 16 percent between 1971-1977, and thus hurting the poor. The performance of the manufacturing sector on a large scale was very slow, netting a growth rate of only 3 percent, raised primarily through investments in large public sector and the 1971 war in which the separation of East Pakistan also give a seriously stock to Pakistan’s economy. The idea that government control of the commanding heights of the economy can best spearhead industrial growth, allocate resources and invest in the activities that it considers a priority not only failed to materialize but antagonized the private sector. The lesson learned from this experience was that good populist politics are bad for the economy. he overthrow of the Bhutto government by a military coup in July 1977 and the ascendancy of a right wing military leader, General Zia-ul-Haq, halted the socialist experiment. Political party activity was soon banned, thereby limiting political participation to the local level only. This small liberty, however, could not mask the centralization of political power in the hands of one man. Zia-ul-Haq used religion to provide legitimacy to his takeover and subsequent rule, asserting that Islam should be a unifying force for overcoming ethnic, linguistic and other propensities prevailing in the country. Centralization and personal control over the affairs of the state thus became easy to manage under this paradigm. The nexus between the military regime and components of the religious right, such as Jamaat-e- Islami, was extended to engulf the Islamic militant groups that participated in the Afghan war against the Soviets. The roots of present Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan can be traced to this period. Zia benefited from participating in the campaign to overthrow the Soviet-Union in Afghanistan, as large amounts of military and economic assistance from the United States flowed into Pakistan. The long-term costs were, however, colossal. The spread of Kalashnikovs and drug culture, ethnic and sectarian violence, the smuggling of goods and the emergence of jihadist parties can all be traced back to the 1980s. 18 Madrassahs and training camps for militant groups proliferated during this period. State laws were modified, new Shariah courts were established, and the educational curriculum was revised to inculcate a more hardline or radical Islamic way of life. Economic conditions, however, did improve: GDP grew at 6.6 percent annually, with agriculture at 4 percent and the manufacturing sector at 9 percent. Fiscal deficits, however, widened to 8percent of GDP despite a decline in development expenditure. Domestic borrowing to finance6 these deficits did not weaken growth immediately but had serious repercussions for public finance and macro-economic stability in the 1990s. As a consequence, Pakistan had to approach the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for assistance in 1988. Benazir Bhutto took office of the Prime Minister after the demise of Zia-ul-Haq in plane crash. Political instability was at its peak in the era of 90s in Pakistan. Governments changed frequently by Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif and ended with the martial law of Pervaiz Musharraf on 12 October 1999. He governed nine years and PPP hold government after the election in 2008. Terrorism was at its peak in this era in the country. For the first time the elected government completed its tenure and changed the government by election in 2013 led towards the government of Nawaz Sharif. In his era, the country witnessed again political instability when Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf lodged agitation in the capital city of Pakistan. In general election of 2018, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf won the majority seats and formed the government. The opposition parties are united against the government and trying to create hurdles to the smooth run of government. President Musharraf (2000-2008) introduced several steps to improve the condition economy. His political reforms set the popular participations in the democracy in Pakistan. Devolution of Power Plan, eighteen years voters age increase the size of electoral college, increase numbers for women reserve seats, new electoral constituencies and last but not least the opening of number of independent news channels are significant steps that paved the way for genuine democracy in the country. Strong and elected local government system performed in major districts of Pakistan. Nawaz Sharif became Prime Minister of Pakistan in 2013 while he was dismissed by the court in Panama Corruption case and Abas Haqqani appointed Prime Minister of Pakistan. The economic growth rate of GDP was higher in the era of Nawaz Shari while it was low in the period of Asif Ali Zardari while before Zardari in the era of Pervez Musharraf was also better than Zardari Government. Election was held on 25th July 2018 in Pakistan and Imran Khan became Prime Minister of Pakistan. According to a data the GDP growth rate in 2008 was 4.99 percent while in 2009 the growth rate of GDP was 0.36 and in 2010 the growth rate was 2.58 percent. Similarly, the growth rate in 2011 was 3.62, in 2012 was 3.84 percent while in 2013 was 3.68. Subsequently in 2014 the growth rate was 4.05 and in 2015 the growth rate was 4.04 percent while in 2016 the growth rate was 4.71 while average GDP growth rate in Pakistan was 4.91 percent however from 1952 until 2016, reaching an all-time high of 10.22 percent in 1954 and 20 percent in 1960 while a record lowest rate was -1.80 percent in 1952. Gill et. al (1999) recorded that in 1960 the agriculture annual growth rate was 6.77 percent, in 1980 it was 6.14 percent, while in 1990 the agriculture growth rate was 0.12 percent. Similarly, 1996-97 was 0.35 percent. So, from 1990 to 1997 was a bad declining rate of agriculture growth in Pakistan. According to Government of Pakistan, Economic Survey of Pakistan(2001) , Islamabad Government of Pakistan, (1965), 3rd Five Year Plan 1965-70, Planning Commission of Pakistan.

Suggestions for Improving the System of Pakistan:

● Poverty-By providing education, skill training, and job opportunities in society. Increase the education budget. Provide them with scholarships and opportunities, to get the best achievable education from the top universal of the world. To all the classes technical education must be given.

● Employment-Providing job-oriented education, training to the people by Government to solve the problem of unemployment.

● Population growth-Awareness program should be created about family planning and its effect on population growth. Devices of family planning should be available free of cost to the poor and rural population.

● Social Problems- Various awareness programs like; procession, street drama, advertisement of alcohol, tobacco, etc. in media like television, newspaper, radio, etc. should be banned to solve social problems.

● Law and procedure for all the Anti-Corruption Agencies should be uniform. Reformulation of existing laws and rules and procedures is urgently required.

● The existing Anti-Corruption Agencies in the Provinces should maintain their constitutional status with working linkages with NAB. Capacity building and strengthening at grass root level in districts. Training in white-collar crimes etc. is urgently needed to make ACAs more effective. The Anti-Corruption Agencies will deal with middle-level corruption and large-scale corruption cases would be the focus of NAB.

● The administrative, financial jurisdiction, and public convenience require that there should be one court instead of three different kinds of courts functioning at present for which purpose necessary lawmaking is required. The courts should function under the common name of ‘Accountability Courts ‘or ‘Anti-Corruption Courts’ which would also reduce the financial burden and duplicity on the public exchequer.

● Anti-Corruption Agencies should have their own Vigilance Wings on the pattern of NAB to reinforce and break difficult cases as well as carry out sting operations against their own delinquent employees/staff.

● Incentives be given to the officers to attract them for posting in Anti-Corruption Agencies as at present they do not have accommodation, transport, or telephone facility available. The IOs may also be given some defined percentage of the recovery as a reward as being done in some Federal and Provincial Departments.

● Unions be banned by declaring the Anti-Corruption Agencies as essential service. The same does not exist in other Provinces, Police, or FIA.

● It is also proposed that a ‘Provincial Anti-Corruption Commission ‘be established to obviate undue influence and pressure on the working of the Agencies. system of Pakistan. Conclusion The writer claims that Pakistan has been facing political instability since the death of Quaid-e-Azzam. We have seen delays in constitution-making, military dictatorship, failed democracy, corrupt political parties and leaders, energy crisis, poverty, a crippled economy, fragile judiciary, corrupt bureaucracy, and whatnot. The main causes of this failed democratic system are fragment opposition, international influence, internal and external conflict, personalization of politics, family politics, illiteracy, a weak judiciary, generals controlling democratic affairs, people sick and tired of self-interested leaders, controlled media, and religious extremism. The possible and pragmatic solutions are true democracy, accountability, strong judiciary, proper functioning administrative machinery, people’s participation, free media, merit-based selection, the proper running of institutions, literacy, and implementation of Islamic laws.

Conclusion:

According to historians, scholars and research analysts after analyzing whole history and issues of Pakistan they said that it is a "miracle" that Pakistan is surviving from its independence on 14th August,1947 till today. No new born country would have survived after facing so many issues and problems as Pakistan facing during its independence till today. According to Great Founder and Father of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azzam (Muhammad Ali Jinnah)," There is no power on Earth that undo Pakistan." According to some scholars if Muhammad Ali Jinnah have survived for more years since his death in 1948 just after Pakistan got its independence ,Pakistan would not be facing these social and political issues as it is facing today. Just right after Pakistan gain independence there were lot of issues to deal with and kept emerging but under the leadership of first Governor-General of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah he effectively and efficiently deal with these issues but after his death there was a struggle for power. All political leaders after him have a lust for power and to gain control , they focused on their personal interest and benefit instead of national interest as a result these issues again kept emerging one after another and further worsen due to this Pakistan is in a state of social and political instability from its emergence till today.

Authors:

Syed Qasim Haider Zaidi

Hammad Hassan Khan