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All Wars Are Fought Twice

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Nik Wheeler/Corbis

Throughline

All Wars Are Fought Twice

"All wars are fought twice, the first time on the battlefield, the second time in memory," writes Pulitzer Prize-winning author Viet Thanh Nguyen. This week on Throughline, we want to pause the news cycle to think about not just how war is experienced or consumed, but how it's remembered. A refugee from the Vietnam War, Nguyen calls himself a scholar of memory — someone who studies how we remember events of the past, both as people and as nations. As the world watches the war in Ukraine — and with the U.S. departure from Afghanistan still fresh — we speak with Nguyen about national memory, selective forgetting, and the refugee stories that might ultimately help us move forward.

All Wars Are Fought Twice

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Watchdog warned months before U.S. pullout Afghanistan's air force would collapse

A-29 Super Tucano planes are on display during a handover from the NATO-led Resolute Support mission to the Afghan army at the military Airport in Kabul, Afghanistan, Sept. 17, 2020. Rahmat Gul/AP File Photo hide caption

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Rahmat Gul/AP File Photo

National Security

Watchdog warned months before U.S. pullout Afghanistan's air force would collapse

American authorities had been alerted that Afghanistan's air force did not have the capabilities to survive after a U.S. withdrawal.

Afghan orchestra musicians, music students and teachers have escaped the Taliban

Members of the Afghanistan National Institute of Music on the plane to Doha. Courtesy of the Afghanistan National Institute of Music hide caption

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Courtesy of the Afghanistan National Institute of Music

Music News

Afghan orchestra musicians, music students and teachers have escaped the Taliban

After weeks of trying to flee Afghanistan, 101 musicians, students and teachers with the Afghanistan National Institute of Music and Zohra Orchestra finally landed in Doha, Qatar on Sunday.

We Asked Vets Of The Soviet-Afghan War To Judge The U.S. Exit. Here's What They Said

Over half a million Soviet troops served in Afghanistan between 1979 and 1989. Among the first deployed was Rustam Khodzhayev, seen posing here (front row, first from the left) with his special operations unit in 1981. Khodzhayev family hide caption

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Khodzhayev family

World

We Asked Vets Of The Soviet-Afghan War To Judge The U.S. Exit. Here's What They Said

Veterans of the Soviet Union's decade-long war in Afghanistan see parallels — and stark contrasts — with the U.S. experience and exit after two decades there.

We Asked Vets Of The Soviet-Afghan War To Judge The U.S. Exit. Here's What They Said

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Biden Pledged To End The Forever Wars, But He Might Just Be Shrinking Them

U.S. Marines and Afghan commandos stand together in 2017 at Shorab Military Camp in Helmand province. American ground troops are out of Afghanistan, but war from the air may go on. Wakil Kohsar/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

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Wakil Kohsar/AFP via Getty Images

Politics

Biden Pledged To End The Forever Wars, But He Might Just Be Shrinking Them

Biden made the pledge during his presidential campaign. But the withdrawal of ground troops from Afghanistan isn't the end of all U.S. military operations.

Biden Pledged To End The Forever Wars, But He Might Just Be Shrinking Them

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Planes Chartered To Evacuate Americans And Others From Afghanistan Remain Grounded

A plane flies over temporary camp for refugees from Afghanistan at the U.S. Army's Rhine Ordnance Barracks (ROB), where they are being temporarily housed, on August 30, 2021 in Kaiserslautern, Germany. Sascha Schuermann/Getty Images hide caption

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Sascha Schuermann/Getty Images

Asia

Planes Chartered To Evacuate Americans And Others From Afghanistan Remain Grounded

Travelers have spent seven days waiting to depart from the northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif. At least 19 U.S. citizens and two green card holders are said to be among the group of about 600.

They Came To The U.S. As Afghan Refugees. Now They Hope Their Story Will Help Others

Hossein Mahrammi, his wife, Razia Mahrami, and their four sons came from Kabul to the U.S. on a Special Immigrant Visa or SIV in March 2017. Marisa Peñaloza hide caption

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Marisa Peñaloza

World

They Came To The U.S. As Afghan Refugees. Now They Hope Their Story Will Help Others

Scenes of violence in Afghanistan triggered painful memories for Hossein Mahrammi and his family. He says starting a new life in the U.S. wasn't easy but they've embraced the culture and customs here.

Several California Public School Students Are Still Trapped In Afghanistan

A U.S. Air Force air crew prepares to load evacuees aboard a C-17 aircraft at Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul, Afghanistan, on Aug. 31. Several public school students from Sacramento, Calif., remain in Afghanistan since the U.S. evacuation ended. Senior Airman Taylor Crul/U.S. Air Force via AP hide caption

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Senior Airman Taylor Crul/U.S. Air Force via AP

Education

Several California Public School Students Are Still Trapped In Afghanistan

The San Juan Unified School District in Sacramento, Calif., says officials believe some of the district's students have been able to leave since the U.S. evacuation ended Tuesday.

The Taliban Is Celebrating Its Takeover Now That The U.S. Withdrawal Is Complete

Taliban fighters wave from the back of a pickup truck, in Kabul, Afghanistan, Monday, Aug. 30, 2021. Many Afghans are anxious about the Taliban rule and are figuring out ways to get out of Afghanistan. Khwaja Tawfiq Sediqi/AP hide caption

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Khwaja Tawfiq Sediqi/AP

Asia

The Taliban Is Celebrating Its Takeover Now That The U.S. Withdrawal Is Complete

Taliban fighters watched the last U.S. planes disappear into the sky over Afghanistan around midnight local time on Monday and then fired their guns into the air.

The U.S. Embassy Urges Americans Outside The Kabul Airport To Leave Immediately

U.S soldiers stand guard at the airport tower near an evacuation control checkpoint during ongoing evacuations at Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul, Afghanistan, on Wednesday. The U.S. Embassy warns Americans not to go to the airport, citing security threats. AP hide caption

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AP

Asia

The U.S. Embassy Urges Americans Outside The Kabul Airport To Leave Immediately

"Because of security threats outside the gates of Kabul airport, we are advising U.S. citizens to avoid traveling to the airport and to avoid airport gates at this time," the U.S. Embassy said.

An Animal Rescue Group Is Racing To Get Hundreds Of Pets Out Of Afghanistan By Aug. 31

Staff members at the Kabul Small Animal Rescue are working to put together travel crates so the organization's dogs and cats can safely be evacuated out of Afghanistan. Kabul Small Animal Rescue hide caption

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Kabul Small Animal Rescue

Animals

An Animal Rescue Group Is Racing To Get Hundreds Of Pets Out Of Afghanistan By Aug. 31

Kabul Small Animal Rescue's American director is raising money to airlift more than 200 dogs and cats, the group's staff and their families before foreign troops leave at the end of the month.

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