Photo of Dr Melanie Bertino -  Dr Mel Bertino Worksafe & TAC Clinical Psychology, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Dr Mel Bertino Worksafe & TAC Clinical Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
I specialize in treating adult clients who have had motor vehicle injury or workplace injury and who have PTSD and/or chronic pain as a result. I charge no additional out of pocket costs for TAC or Worksafe clients. I have extensive experience with treating TAC and Worksafe clients for PTSD, anxiety relating to the accident, persistent pain following the accident, and often with related stress, sleep, relationship and/or mood problems. I also see Medicare clients with similar presenting concerns.
I specialize in treating adult clients who have had motor vehicle injury or workplace injury and who have PTSD and/or chronic pain as a result. I charge no additional out of pocket costs for TAC or Worksafe clients. I have extensive experience with treating TAC and Worksafe clients for PTSD, anxiety relating to the accident, persistent pain following the accident, and often with related stress, sleep, relationship and/or mood problems. I also see Medicare clients with similar presenting concerns.
(03) 9118 9045 View (03) 9118 9045
Photo of Dr Jo-Anne Zappia, MBBS, Psychotherapist
Dr Jo-Anne Zappia
Psychotherapist, MBBS
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
You may be lonely, sad or disappointed. You may be scared and uncertain. You may be at your wit's end or feeling totally burnt out. Or maybe you are struggling to get yourself out of bed in the morning, to take care of yourself or your family. Maybe you find yourself crying or feeling frustrated and angry. Life can be challenging on many levels, and being able to talk through your problems with a trusted professional who can help you untangle the issues can lead to a more happy, fulfilling and productive future. We will work at your pace, and I will support you in reaching your goals.
You may be lonely, sad or disappointed. You may be scared and uncertain. You may be at your wit's end or feeling totally burnt out. Or maybe you are struggling to get yourself out of bed in the morning, to take care of yourself or your family. Maybe you find yourself crying or feeling frustrated and angry. Life can be challenging on many levels, and being able to talk through your problems with a trusted professional who can help you untangle the issues can lead to a more happy, fulfilling and productive future. We will work at your pace, and I will support you in reaching your goals.
(03) 7003 2095 View (03) 7003 2095
Photo of Bridgitte Booth, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Bridgitte Booth
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
Hi, my name is Bridgitte and I am a Clinical Psychologist. Throughout my career, I have worked with both adolescents and adults in a range of settings, including, public mental health, private practice and in schools. When approaching therapy I have a collaborative and strengths based approach, with a strong emphasis on helping clients build confidence and develop practical strategies to manage what ever challenges they are facing. I am conversational and realistic in my approach to therapy and look forward to learning about the individual person to ensure support can be tailored to the person.
Hi, my name is Bridgitte and I am a Clinical Psychologist. Throughout my career, I have worked with both adolescents and adults in a range of settings, including, public mental health, private practice and in schools. When approaching therapy I have a collaborative and strengths based approach, with a strong emphasis on helping clients build confidence and develop practical strategies to manage what ever challenges they are facing. I am conversational and realistic in my approach to therapy and look forward to learning about the individual person to ensure support can be tailored to the person.
(03) 9118 9076 View (03) 9118 9076
Photo of Jason Bowman - Addiction Solutions Victoria Inc
Addiction Solutions Victoria Inc
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
Not accepting new clients
ASV is Governed by a board of directors who in response to an identified community need, established a recovery focused substance abuse treatment & addiction rehabilitation service in Melbourne, Victoria.
ASV is Governed by a board of directors who in response to an identified community need, established a recovery focused substance abuse treatment & addiction rehabilitation service in Melbourne, Victoria.
(03) 8797 2116 View (03) 8797 2116
Photo of Dianne Mawby, MPsych, MAPS, Psychologist
Dianne Mawby
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Malvern, VIC 3144
You might be experiencing stress, anxiousness, low mood, irritability, or feelings of low motivation or apathy and would like to find ways to improve your mental health. Perhaps, your child or teenager is experiencing these kinds of unhelpful patterns of thinking or behaviour. To live with more peace and more purpose, seeking professional psychological help can be the first step. Specific goals that you and the psychologist set for sessions help to establish a pathway for change and this can help you, your child or adolescent notice personal growth.
You might be experiencing stress, anxiousness, low mood, irritability, or feelings of low motivation or apathy and would like to find ways to improve your mental health. Perhaps, your child or teenager is experiencing these kinds of unhelpful patterns of thinking or behaviour. To live with more peace and more purpose, seeking professional psychological help can be the first step. Specific goals that you and the psychologist set for sessions help to establish a pathway for change and this can help you, your child or adolescent notice personal growth.
0492 811 032 View 0492 811 032
Photo of Nicky Jacobs, PhD, MAPS, Psychologist
Nicky Jacobs
Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
I am a Clinical and Counselling psychologist with over 30 years experience working extensively with Individuals, Couples and Adolescents. My areas of expertise include: Relationships and Interpersonal Issues; Anxiety/Depression management; Conflict resolution and Mediation; Self-esteem and Assertiveness Training; Stress Management; Bullying - School and Workplace; Gender/ Sexuality Concerns; Trauma/PTSD; Adjusting to Transitions and Life Change; Grief and Loss ; Anger Management; and Parenting Skills.
I am a Clinical and Counselling psychologist with over 30 years experience working extensively with Individuals, Couples and Adolescents. My areas of expertise include: Relationships and Interpersonal Issues; Anxiety/Depression management; Conflict resolution and Mediation; Self-esteem and Assertiveness Training; Stress Management; Bullying - School and Workplace; Gender/ Sexuality Concerns; Trauma/PTSD; Adjusting to Transitions and Life Change; Grief and Loss ; Anger Management; and Parenting Skills.
(03) 8737 9323 View (03) 8737 9323
Photo of Poli Z - SHYNE Wellness - Poli, ACA-L2, Counsellor
SHYNE Wellness - Poli
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Malvern, VIC 3144
Poli is a multi-talented and committed Counsellor and Life Coach who is sincerely passionate about supporting her clients through their issues. Poli is a member of the Australian Counselling Association and International Coaching Federation and has assisted clients worldwide. She specialises in working with adolescents, couples, adults and families. Poli provides practical support that a client can use immediately to help them move forward in life.
Poli is a multi-talented and committed Counsellor and Life Coach who is sincerely passionate about supporting her clients through their issues. Poli is a member of the Australian Counselling Association and International Coaching Federation and has assisted clients worldwide. She specialises in working with adolescents, couples, adults and families. Poli provides practical support that a client can use immediately to help them move forward in life.
(03) 8595 4433 View (03) 8595 4433
Photo of Jeremy Neumann, MA, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jeremy Neumann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
Jeremy is the director and principle clinician of a thriving psychology/counselling clinic in Malvern and is a highly experienced psychotherapist (BBus; GDipPsych; MSW, AMHSW) with a breadth of clinical experience across both the public and the private sectors. Jeremy has a clinical interest working with people through anxiety, life transitions, identity and depression. He has a strong grounding in humanistic psych & mindfulness based approaches, completing further training in Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT), and also in EMDR for working with trauma. Jeremy incorporates the ideals of everyday mindfulness into his practice.
Jeremy is the director and principle clinician of a thriving psychology/counselling clinic in Malvern and is a highly experienced psychotherapist (BBus; GDipPsych; MSW, AMHSW) with a breadth of clinical experience across both the public and the private sectors. Jeremy has a clinical interest working with people through anxiety, life transitions, identity and depression. He has a strong grounding in humanistic psych & mindfulness based approaches, completing further training in Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT), and also in EMDR for working with trauma. Jeremy incorporates the ideals of everyday mindfulness into his practice.
(03) 7003 2136 View (03) 7003 2136
Photo of Natalie Chionh, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Natalie Chionh
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
Natalie is a registered psychologist with a Master of Psychology (Clinical) and uses Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and mindfulness-based interventions as well as drawing from Acceptance Commitment Therapy and Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, developing a unique therapeutic plan for each client. Natalie works with clients experiencing emotional dysregulation, depression, anxiety, trauma, panic attacks, domestic violence and personality disorders. She works with teenagers & adults in 1:1 therapy sessions.
Natalie is a registered psychologist with a Master of Psychology (Clinical) and uses Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and mindfulness-based interventions as well as drawing from Acceptance Commitment Therapy and Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, developing a unique therapeutic plan for each client. Natalie works with clients experiencing emotional dysregulation, depression, anxiety, trauma, panic attacks, domestic violence and personality disorders. She works with teenagers & adults in 1:1 therapy sessions.
(03) 7003 2689 View (03) 7003 2689
Photo of Alexandra Barry, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Alexandra Barry
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
I'm a registered psychologist with experience working with young and older adults who are seeking support for the impacts of sexual trauma, abuse and neglect, family and intimate partner violence, and relationship difficulties. I'm particularly passionate about normalising the distress we may experience in response to our environment and internal worlds, and reducing the blame we place on ourselves for how we adapt in these moments.
I'm a registered psychologist with experience working with young and older adults who are seeking support for the impacts of sexual trauma, abuse and neglect, family and intimate partner violence, and relationship difficulties. I'm particularly passionate about normalising the distress we may experience in response to our environment and internal worlds, and reducing the blame we place on ourselves for how we adapt in these moments.
(03) 7003 2251 View (03) 7003 2251
Photo of Dr Galit Hasen, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Dr Galit Hasen
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
I work with adults and young adults to provide support through difficult periods, including anxiety and mood issues, transitions in life, relationship issues, identity and mental health problems. I can provide ADHD assessments to adults. I see my role and strength as a therapist as understanding the unique felt experience of each person I see. This forms the basis of our work together and the place from which we make sense of the difficulties that bring you to therapy.
I work with adults and young adults to provide support through difficult periods, including anxiety and mood issues, transitions in life, relationship issues, identity and mental health problems. I can provide ADHD assessments to adults. I see my role and strength as a therapist as understanding the unique felt experience of each person I see. This forms the basis of our work together and the place from which we make sense of the difficulties that bring you to therapy.
(03) 7003 2062 View (03) 7003 2062
Photo of Nicolas Kipris, MA, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nicolas Kipris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
I am an eclectic psychotherapist and draw from a variety of disciplines including psychodynamic theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Internal Family Systems, Schema Therapy, and Mindfulness.
I am an eclectic psychotherapist and draw from a variety of disciplines including psychodynamic theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Internal Family Systems, Schema Therapy, and Mindfulness.
View
Photo of Julianne Read - Keystone Psychology, PsychD, PsyBA Endorsed, Psychologist
Keystone Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA Endorsed
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
At Keystone Psychology we believe that every child deserves to live a healthy and happy life. We are forensic psychologists and our expertise is in the assessment and treatment of children and young people who engage in a range of sensitive and complex behaviours including high risk behaviours that may, if left unaddressed, have negative impacts on their future. This includes behaviours that are disrespectful, inappropriate, problematic and or harmful; as well as physical/sexual violence. Our clients may have also experienced abuse and are seeking a personalised approach for therapy. We help our clients get back on track.
At Keystone Psychology we believe that every child deserves to live a healthy and happy life. We are forensic psychologists and our expertise is in the assessment and treatment of children and young people who engage in a range of sensitive and complex behaviours including high risk behaviours that may, if left unaddressed, have negative impacts on their future. This includes behaviours that are disrespectful, inappropriate, problematic and or harmful; as well as physical/sexual violence. Our clients may have also experienced abuse and are seeking a personalised approach for therapy. We help our clients get back on track.
(03) 8658 3864 View (03) 8658 3864
Photo of Jessica Robinson, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Jessica Robinson
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
I place a strong emphasis on developing a relationship that allows clients to express themselves openly and honestly. I believe that by understanding our responses to our life experiences we can learn ways to effect change in all areas of our life. I want to promote clients’ strengths and focus on providing practical coping skills to assist this. Through my work I know change is possible and achievable for clients and they can live more fulfilling lives.
I place a strong emphasis on developing a relationship that allows clients to express themselves openly and honestly. I believe that by understanding our responses to our life experiences we can learn ways to effect change in all areas of our life. I want to promote clients’ strengths and focus on providing practical coping skills to assist this. Through my work I know change is possible and achievable for clients and they can live more fulfilling lives.
(03) 7003 2695 View (03) 7003 2695
Photo of Nicholas Bieber, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nicholas Bieber
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
Choosing a therapist is hard, yeah? We're all a bit mad. And different. And individual. And that's OK. A lot of us came to the field trying to make sense of our own selves. With some insight and understanding, it gets a lot easier. Then we can change. Then we can heal. Then we can accept. I tend to work with folk with complex psycho-social issues under the NDIS, but we're all human. Most people have got something really tricky in the present that needs an intervention of sorts, and can hopefully be avoided by understanding how they got there. All of us hurt.
Choosing a therapist is hard, yeah? We're all a bit mad. And different. And individual. And that's OK. A lot of us came to the field trying to make sense of our own selves. With some insight and understanding, it gets a lot easier. Then we can change. Then we can heal. Then we can accept. I tend to work with folk with complex psycho-social issues under the NDIS, but we're all human. Most people have got something really tricky in the present that needs an intervention of sorts, and can hopefully be avoided by understanding how they got there. All of us hurt.
(03) 7003 2891 View (03) 7003 2891
Photo of Dr Geraldine Lockley, PsychD, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member, Psychologist
Dr Geraldine Lockley
Psychologist, PsychD, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
I work with adults who are looking for support to improve their mental health and sense of wellbeing. I support people who are 'feeling stuck' in dealing with relationship challenges, anxiety and worry, low mood and stress and burnout, amongst other things. We will work to understand unhelpful patterns and make positive change.
I work with adults who are looking for support to improve their mental health and sense of wellbeing. I support people who are 'feeling stuck' in dealing with relationship challenges, anxiety and worry, low mood and stress and burnout, amongst other things. We will work to understand unhelpful patterns and make positive change.
(03) 7003 2767 View (03) 7003 2767
Photo of Yisroel Barber, MAPS, Psychologist
Yisroel Barber
Psychologist, MAPS
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
The thing about ADHD is that it's more than just difficulty focusing. It makes it difficult to feel present with those you love, can leave you feeling misunderstood, and doubting whether you are even good enough. Anxiety does the same. It makes you so tunnel-visioned that you lose sight of what really matters; the kind of person you want to be and the kind of life you want to live.
The thing about ADHD is that it's more than just difficulty focusing. It makes it difficult to feel present with those you love, can leave you feeling misunderstood, and doubting whether you are even good enough. Anxiety does the same. It makes you so tunnel-visioned that you lose sight of what really matters; the kind of person you want to be and the kind of life you want to live.
(03) 7003 2656 View (03) 7003 2656
Photo of Niloofar Danaei, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Niloofar Danaei
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Malvern, VIC 3144
I am a registered Psychologist, Clinical Psychology registrar and qualified Social Worker with over 10 years of experience in providing Psychotherapy sessions. I am particularly passionate about supporting individuals affected by traumatic experiences, using a trauma-informed lens to guide their healing journey. Additionally, I have substantial experience and genuine interest in assisting individuals dealing with depressive symptoms, anxiety-related issues, interpersonal difficulties, loss, grief, bereavement, work-related stress (including burn-out and compassion fatigue), psychosomatic issues and life transitions.
I am a registered Psychologist, Clinical Psychology registrar and qualified Social Worker with over 10 years of experience in providing Psychotherapy sessions. I am particularly passionate about supporting individuals affected by traumatic experiences, using a trauma-informed lens to guide their healing journey. Additionally, I have substantial experience and genuine interest in assisting individuals dealing with depressive symptoms, anxiety-related issues, interpersonal difficulties, loss, grief, bereavement, work-related stress (including burn-out and compassion fatigue), psychosomatic issues and life transitions.
View
Photo of Jordana Mac, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Jordana Mac
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
Jordana is a Clinical Psychologist with training in both cognitive behavioural therapies and psychodynamic psychotherapy. Jordana draws on a range of evidence-based therapeutic approaches to tailor the therapy to the unique needs, aspirations and goals of each client. Jordana helps individuals address their difficulties through the development of a deeper understanding of themselves, their past and present experiences, and their unconscious motivations. She recognises each client’s individuality and helps them create meaningful lives.
Jordana is a Clinical Psychologist with training in both cognitive behavioural therapies and psychodynamic psychotherapy. Jordana draws on a range of evidence-based therapeutic approaches to tailor the therapy to the unique needs, aspirations and goals of each client. Jordana helps individuals address their difficulties through the development of a deeper understanding of themselves, their past and present experiences, and their unconscious motivations. She recognises each client’s individuality and helps them create meaningful lives.
(03) 7003 2616 View (03) 7003 2616
Photo of Christina Bell, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Christina Bell
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Malvern, VIC 3144
I am a registered clinical psychologist and a Fellow of the College of Clinical Psychologists. I bring to my work broad ranging life experience drawn from my previous roles in education, human resources and industrial relations. I am committed to helping people reach their full potential and to lead happy lives. The psychological therapy I offer is tailored to suit individual clients. Methodologies used in my work include mindfulness, cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal therapy and narrative therapy.
I am a registered clinical psychologist and a Fellow of the College of Clinical Psychologists. I bring to my work broad ranging life experience drawn from my previous roles in education, human resources and industrial relations. I am committed to helping people reach their full potential and to lead happy lives. The psychological therapy I offer is tailored to suit individual clients. Methodologies used in my work include mindfulness, cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal therapy and narrative therapy.
(03) 7003 2319 View (03) 7003 2319

See more therapy options for 3144

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 3144

100+

Average cost per session

$200

Counsellors in 3144 who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
84% Depression
78% Self Esteem
78% Stress
70% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Medicare Rebates
49% Bupa
42% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in 3144 see their clients

94% In Person and Online
6% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
23% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3144?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.

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