Counselling in Western Australia

View suburbs, cities and regions in Western Australia
Photo of Tania Coats, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Tania Coats
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Kingsley, WA 6026
My name is Tania. I’m a Clinical Psychologist & Trauma Recovery Coach who helps people recover from difficult experiences. With clinical training and my own lived-experience, I understand first hand how trauma impacts lives. I am passionate about equipping clients with practical tools to enhance their quality of life, understand their experiences, and find meaningful, liberated pathways forward.
My name is Tania. I’m a Clinical Psychologist & Trauma Recovery Coach who helps people recover from difficult experiences. With clinical training and my own lived-experience, I understand first hand how trauma impacts lives. I am passionate about equipping clients with practical tools to enhance their quality of life, understand their experiences, and find meaningful, liberated pathways forward.
(08) 6219 3417 View (08) 6219 3417
Photo of Jade Rivera, MA, ACA-L4, Counsellor
Jade Rivera
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Midland, WA 6056
I work from a client-centred and transpersonal lens within a trauma-informed framework. I assist people suffering from anxiety, depression, grief & loss, ADHD, relationship problems, drug & alcohol use, existential crises, life transitions, loneliness and a range of other issues that contribute to difficulties coping. I often help highly sensitive people, and clients interested in moving into deeper truth. The therapeutic process involves identifying needs, working through fears and concerns, exploring various aspects of the self, and helping people to find their centre so they may experience a more joyful and fulfilling existence.
I work from a client-centred and transpersonal lens within a trauma-informed framework. I assist people suffering from anxiety, depression, grief & loss, ADHD, relationship problems, drug & alcohol use, existential crises, life transitions, loneliness and a range of other issues that contribute to difficulties coping. I often help highly sensitive people, and clients interested in moving into deeper truth. The therapeutic process involves identifying needs, working through fears and concerns, exploring various aspects of the self, and helping people to find their centre so they may experience a more joyful and fulfilling existence.
(08) 6490 9810 View (08) 6490 9810
Photo of Dr Emily Bastick - Meliora Clinical Psychology, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Meliora Clinical Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Piara Waters, WA 6112
Waitlist for new clients
Emily is an empathetic clinical psychologist who values building strong therapeutic relationships with clients. Her non-judgemental and comforting approach helps clients work on issues such as depression, anxiety, personality disorders, trauma, bereavement, perinatal mental health, and adjustment issues. The therapeutic relationship can facilitate positive change and create a hopeful future outlook.
Emily is an empathetic clinical psychologist who values building strong therapeutic relationships with clients. Her non-judgemental and comforting approach helps clients work on issues such as depression, anxiety, personality disorders, trauma, bereavement, perinatal mental health, and adjustment issues. The therapeutic relationship can facilitate positive change and create a hopeful future outlook.
(08) 6383 7090 View (08) 6383 7090
Photo of Noreen Lange, PACFA, Counsellor
Noreen Lange
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shelley, WA 6148
Are you struggling with relationship issues, anxiety, depression, grief, emotional pain, trauma, self-worth? Are you looking for a safe place to work through current and past issues?
Are you struggling with relationship issues, anxiety, depression, grief, emotional pain, trauma, self-worth? Are you looking for a safe place to work through current and past issues?
(08) 7079 4319 View (08) 7079 4319
Photo of Dr Nigel Chen, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Dr Nigel Chen
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
South Perth, WA 6151
Welcome! I am a Perth-based clinical psychologist with a passion for helping clients navigate life’s challenges in an eclectic and personalised way. With a warm and approachable demeanour, I strive to create a comfortable and safe space for individuals to heal, to grow, and to bring out their authentic selves. After all, life’s too short to not be yourself. I work with adults, adolescents and children (8+) across a broad range of mental health concerns. As we are all unique, I draw from a range of evidence-based therapies to best meet your needs and goals.
Welcome! I am a Perth-based clinical psychologist with a passion for helping clients navigate life’s challenges in an eclectic and personalised way. With a warm and approachable demeanour, I strive to create a comfortable and safe space for individuals to heal, to grow, and to bring out their authentic selves. After all, life’s too short to not be yourself. I work with adults, adolescents and children (8+) across a broad range of mental health concerns. As we are all unique, I draw from a range of evidence-based therapies to best meet your needs and goals.
(08) 6493 7010 View (08) 6493 7010
Photo of Julie Hall, MA, ACA-L3, Counsellor
Julie Hall
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Verified Verified
Joondalup, WA 6027  (Online Only)
As an Accredited Counsellor that has over 28+ years Counselling experience I offer a Confidential, caring space to work through any of your problems/concerns. You may have relationship issues, or loss, grief, anxiety/stress, trauma from the past, self esteem, life changes and so forth, we can explore this together at your own pace in Counselling. I also can offer to Employers - Monthly Supervisory Support Sessions for Staff or Managers working with 'trauma' this can help to reduce work stress and fatigue by processing feelings and impact in a Confidential Online Setting (Please contact for more info and fees on this service).
As an Accredited Counsellor that has over 28+ years Counselling experience I offer a Confidential, caring space to work through any of your problems/concerns. You may have relationship issues, or loss, grief, anxiety/stress, trauma from the past, self esteem, life changes and so forth, we can explore this together at your own pace in Counselling. I also can offer to Employers - Monthly Supervisory Support Sessions for Staff or Managers working with 'trauma' this can help to reduce work stress and fatigue by processing feelings and impact in a Confidential Online Setting (Please contact for more info and fees on this service).
(08) 6244 5885 View (08) 6244 5885
Photo of Skye Frizza, ACA-L4, Counsellor
Skye Frizza
Counsellor, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
Mount Lawley, WA 6050
I am dedicated to helping individuals, couples and families overcome communication breakdowns, navigate addiction issues, changes in relationships caused by everchanging life and the changes that accompany the antenatal and postnatal journey. My approach is rooted in collaboration and evidence based practice with an emphasis on creating a non-judgmental and compassionate environment. I understand relationships play a significant role in your overall well-being, and I am committed to helping people strengthen and improve these connections.
I am dedicated to helping individuals, couples and families overcome communication breakdowns, navigate addiction issues, changes in relationships caused by everchanging life and the changes that accompany the antenatal and postnatal journey. My approach is rooted in collaboration and evidence based practice with an emphasis on creating a non-judgmental and compassionate environment. I understand relationships play a significant role in your overall well-being, and I am committed to helping people strengthen and improve these connections.
(08) 6493 7338 View (08) 6493 7338
Photo of Lucinda Pretorius - The Counsellor Collective - Lucinda Pretorius, ACA-L1, Counsellor
The Counsellor Collective - Lucinda Pretorius
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Manning, WA 6152
Lucinda is a committed, intuitive, warm and empathetic counsellor who believes that every person deserves to be heard, understood, and supported on their path to good health and personal growth. Her objective is to help individuals discover their purpose and reach their full potential through meaningful experiences, healing from trauma, and self-discovery. Lucinda has expertise in anxiety, digital addictions, and self-harm, and works with children, adolescents, adults, individuals, couples and family counselling. Her strengths-based, fun and interactive approach to counselling allows for hope and meaningful change.
Lucinda is a committed, intuitive, warm and empathetic counsellor who believes that every person deserves to be heard, understood, and supported on their path to good health and personal growth. Her objective is to help individuals discover their purpose and reach their full potential through meaningful experiences, healing from trauma, and self-discovery. Lucinda has expertise in anxiety, digital addictions, and self-harm, and works with children, adolescents, adults, individuals, couples and family counselling. Her strengths-based, fun and interactive approach to counselling allows for hope and meaningful change.
(08) 6109 8134 View (08) 6109 8134
Photo of Dom Marzano, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Dom Marzano
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
East Bunbury, WA 6230
Dom loves his work and integrates aspects of clinical, neuro, sports, positive and organisational psychology to help people with mental health and other issues, increase happiness, well-being and improve performance. Dom sees children 3+, adolescents and adults facing various issues in a variety of settings. He has extensive experience and has undertaken 8 years of initial training in psychology including a Bachelor of Psychology, Master of Psychology, and 2 years of formal supervision. He is registered with the Psychologists Board of Australia and is a member of the Australian Psychological Society (MAPS).
Dom loves his work and integrates aspects of clinical, neuro, sports, positive and organisational psychology to help people with mental health and other issues, increase happiness, well-being and improve performance. Dom sees children 3+, adolescents and adults facing various issues in a variety of settings. He has extensive experience and has undertaken 8 years of initial training in psychology including a Bachelor of Psychology, Master of Psychology, and 2 years of formal supervision. He is registered with the Psychologists Board of Australia and is a member of the Australian Psychological Society (MAPS).
(08) 6490 9204 View (08) 6490 9204
Photo of Richard Norman - Norman Counselling, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Norman Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntingdale, WA 6110
Doing life can be hard and sometimes overwhelms us. Loss of control and enjoyment of life can bring trauma and challenges. I believe everyone can regain hope and restoration to live a fulfilling life. My life experiences include secondary-school teaching; as a husband and dad in raising a now-adult family; pastoral care; Christian counselling; and alcohol and drug counselling.
Doing life can be hard and sometimes overwhelms us. Loss of control and enjoyment of life can bring trauma and challenges. I believe everyone can regain hope and restoration to live a fulfilling life. My life experiences include secondary-school teaching; as a husband and dad in raising a now-adult family; pastoral care; Christian counselling; and alcohol and drug counselling.
(08) 6171 3865 View (08) 6171 3865
Photo of Bradley Moran, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Bradley Moran
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Wanneroo, WA 6065
My therapeutic philosophy maintains that within each and every one of us there lies an unlimited amount of potential, that we as human beings have an innate drive to work towards becoming the best possible version of ourselves and reaching our optimal “way of being”. Thus my passion is in helping guide and facilitate the personal growth and self development of people from all walks of life and assisting in the process of connection with self, as when we are aligned and connected with our true selves we are operating from a place of authenticity and this empowers us to pursue a life which is meaningful, rewarding and fulfilling.
My therapeutic philosophy maintains that within each and every one of us there lies an unlimited amount of potential, that we as human beings have an innate drive to work towards becoming the best possible version of ourselves and reaching our optimal “way of being”. Thus my passion is in helping guide and facilitate the personal growth and self development of people from all walks of life and assisting in the process of connection with self, as when we are aligned and connected with our true selves we are operating from a place of authenticity and this empowers us to pursue a life which is meaningful, rewarding and fulfilling.
(08) 6219 3429 View (08) 6219 3429
Photo of Bronte O'Grady, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Bronte O'Grady
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Ballajura, WA 6066
Bronte is passionate about helping individuals navigate life's challenges, guiding them towards personal growth and positive wellbeing. She is known for her unwavering commitment to authenticity and warmth in her practice. Bronte takes pride in creating a safe, calm, therapeutic space where clients can feel genuinely heard and understood.
Bronte is passionate about helping individuals navigate life's challenges, guiding them towards personal growth and positive wellbeing. She is known for her unwavering commitment to authenticity and warmth in her practice. Bronte takes pride in creating a safe, calm, therapeutic space where clients can feel genuinely heard and understood.
(08) 6219 3531 View (08) 6219 3531
Photo of Wendy Holdaway, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Wendy Holdaway
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
Wendy feels privileged to work with adults and older adults to navigate disruption in psychological wellness and life transitions across domains such as relationships, parenthood, career, health, illness, loss and ageing, as well as difficult relationships with food and eating and childhood trauma. Drawing on over 20 years of experience in health care, Wendy has particular interest in health - related psychology including preparing, adjusting and rehabilitation from illness, injury, and surgical procedures and supporting clients living with chronic health conditions and those in caregiving roles.
Wendy feels privileged to work with adults and older adults to navigate disruption in psychological wellness and life transitions across domains such as relationships, parenthood, career, health, illness, loss and ageing, as well as difficult relationships with food and eating and childhood trauma. Drawing on over 20 years of experience in health care, Wendy has particular interest in health - related psychology including preparing, adjusting and rehabilitation from illness, injury, and surgical procedures and supporting clients living with chronic health conditions and those in caregiving roles.
(08) 6490 9405 View (08) 6490 9405
Photo of Stuart Hight - Ifs Therapy, MA, PACFA, Counsellor
Stuart Hight - Ifs Therapy
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mundaring, WA 6073
We all face challenges throughout our lives which often leave us carrying heavy burdens reducing joy and freedom. I am delighted to offer Internal Family Systems Therapy (IFSCA trained) where we shift from simply talking about our issues to making contact with our own parts and providing them a safe place for deep healing to occur. With bachelor and masters qualifications in counseling (PACFA registered) and years of professional and person experience, I am confident I can provide a safe, gentle space, for individuals and couples to truly feel seen and heard, regardless of your situation or personal history.
We all face challenges throughout our lives which often leave us carrying heavy burdens reducing joy and freedom. I am delighted to offer Internal Family Systems Therapy (IFSCA trained) where we shift from simply talking about our issues to making contact with our own parts and providing them a safe place for deep healing to occur. With bachelor and masters qualifications in counseling (PACFA registered) and years of professional and person experience, I am confident I can provide a safe, gentle space, for individuals and couples to truly feel seen and heard, regardless of your situation or personal history.
(08) 6171 2957 View (08) 6171 2957
Photo of Azelene Williams - Azelene Williams, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Azelene Williams
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Burns Beach, WA 6028  (Online Only)
I’m an impact-driven, accredited social worker, counsellor, and keynote speaker with a profound understanding of Trauma and Trauma-Driven Addiction. My path has been shaped by resilience in the face of overwhelming adversity. Born with a lack of oxygen, I faced dyslexia from an early age and tormented with comments like you dumb, stupid, a washout that would never make it in life. At 15, I survived a civilian terrorist bomb blast, and not long after, I narrowly escaped death twice in a three-and-a-half-year abusive relationship as a teenager. These traumatic experiences drove me into a battle with self-harm and suicidal thoughts.
I’m an impact-driven, accredited social worker, counsellor, and keynote speaker with a profound understanding of Trauma and Trauma-Driven Addiction. My path has been shaped by resilience in the face of overwhelming adversity. Born with a lack of oxygen, I faced dyslexia from an early age and tormented with comments like you dumb, stupid, a washout that would never make it in life. At 15, I survived a civilian terrorist bomb blast, and not long after, I narrowly escaped death twice in a three-and-a-half-year abusive relationship as a teenager. These traumatic experiences drove me into a battle with self-harm and suicidal thoughts.
(08) 6206 8063 View (08) 6206 8063
Photo of Hayley Moulton, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Hayley Moulton
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Midland, WA 6056
I’m an empathic registered psychologist who uses a client-driven, collaborative, and holistic approach to therapy. I believe that therapeutic change must be based on a trusting therapeutic relationship and I work to provide a space where my clients feel safe and heard. I implement evidence-based interventions to help facilitate change and insight. I will work collaboratively with you to ensure you meet your therapeutic goals.
I’m an empathic registered psychologist who uses a client-driven, collaborative, and holistic approach to therapy. I believe that therapeutic change must be based on a trusting therapeutic relationship and I work to provide a space where my clients feel safe and heard. I implement evidence-based interventions to help facilitate change and insight. I will work collaboratively with you to ensure you meet your therapeutic goals.
(08) 6171 2918 View (08) 6171 2918
Photo of Jerusha Le Chat - The Counsellor Collective - Jerusha Le Chat , ACA-L2, Counsellor
The Counsellor Collective - Jerusha Le Chat
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rockingham, WA 6168
Hi, I’m Jerusha, and I’m committed to creating a safe, supportive space where you can explore your path to healing and growth. I provide individual, family, and couples counselling with a compassionate, empathetic approach, always focusing on your unique needs. Together, we’ll work to identify your strengths, overcome challenges, and foster personal growth.
Hi, I’m Jerusha, and I’m committed to creating a safe, supportive space where you can explore your path to healing and growth. I provide individual, family, and couples counselling with a compassionate, empathetic approach, always focusing on your unique needs. Together, we’ll work to identify your strengths, overcome challenges, and foster personal growth.
(08) 6490 9133 View (08) 6490 9133
Photo of Nadezhda Eliseyeva - Nadia Eliseyeva, MC, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Nadia Eliseyeva
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I am a registered counsellor specialising in providing professional counselling services to individuals, couples, families and organisations dealing with relationship issues. My primary goal is to create a safe and trusting space where you can freely explore your concerns.
I am a registered counsellor specialising in providing professional counselling services to individuals, couples, families and organisations dealing with relationship issues. My primary goal is to create a safe and trusting space where you can freely explore your concerns.
(08) 6490 9538 View (08) 6490 9538
Anju Nakanishi
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
South Perth, WA 6151
Anju Nakanishi is a Clinical Psychologist Registrar who is experienced in working with clients across the lifespan, with a focus on children and young people. She endeavors to provide individuals with a safe space to create meaningful changes and build on their strengths. Anju utilizes a variety of evidence-based therapeutic assessment and intervention modalities to support clients to reach their goals.
Anju Nakanishi is a Clinical Psychologist Registrar who is experienced in working with clients across the lifespan, with a focus on children and young people. She endeavors to provide individuals with a safe space to create meaningful changes and build on their strengths. Anju utilizes a variety of evidence-based therapeutic assessment and intervention modalities to support clients to reach their goals.
(08) 6490 9531 View (08) 6490 9531
Photo of Sunila Peterson, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Sunila Peterson
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Alfred Cove, WA 6154
Su works in partnership with clients, using a person-centered, holistic, strength based, and non-judgmental approach. Su supports clients to explore, understand and make informed choices, aligned to their personal values to live authentically and with mental health resilience. Su works in areas related to: anxiety; depression; grief and loss; self-esteem and confidence; pregnancy and parenting challenges; workplace and insurance matters; life and transitional challenges; cross cultural, racial, identity, and/or spiritual challenges; disabilities and health challenges; relationship challenges; and does work related to legal matters.
Su works in partnership with clients, using a person-centered, holistic, strength based, and non-judgmental approach. Su supports clients to explore, understand and make informed choices, aligned to their personal values to live authentically and with mental health resilience. Su works in areas related to: anxiety; depression; grief and loss; self-esteem and confidence; pregnancy and parenting challenges; workplace and insurance matters; life and transitional challenges; cross cultural, racial, identity, and/or spiritual challenges; disabilities and health challenges; relationship challenges; and does work related to legal matters.
(08) 6002 2750 View (08) 6002 2750
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See more therapy options for Western Australia

How does your Counsellor compare?

Average cost per session

$175

Counsellors in Western Australia who prioritize treating:

85% Anxiety
78% Depression
75% Stress
73% Relationship Issues
72% Self Esteem
65% Trauma and PTSD
62% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

65% Medicare Rebates
52% Bupa
46% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in Western Australia see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Western Australia?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.

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