Photo of Alex Norris, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Alex Norris
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4M  (Online Only)
We all have stories that we tell about ourselves, our lives, and that others tell about us. Often when we’re struggling, these stories are about feeling powerless, hopeless, scared, and are full of shame and self-doubt. My approach explores these narratives, creating space for new, richer stories to emerge. If it feels right to you, we’ll explore the stories different parts of yourself tell you, drawing you closer to your values, deconstructing your patterns and uncovering your strengths and resiliency to find new paths forward. We will build a deeper understanding of what you've been through, where you are, and where you're going.
We all have stories that we tell about ourselves, our lives, and that others tell about us. Often when we’re struggling, these stories are about feeling powerless, hopeless, scared, and are full of shame and self-doubt. My approach explores these narratives, creating space for new, richer stories to emerge. If it feels right to you, we’ll explore the stories different parts of yourself tell you, drawing you closer to your values, deconstructing your patterns and uncovering your strengths and resiliency to find new paths forward. We will build a deeper understanding of what you've been through, where you are, and where you're going.
(647) 957-9421 View (647) 957-9421
Photo of Zari Atai, BSW, RMSW, Registered Social Worker
Zari Atai
Registered Social Worker, BSW, RMSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4M
Hello and thank you for stopping by. Everyone gets tangled up with some issues. It could be because of a painful past, balancing your present emotions, stressed out by relationship issues, or by family and work expectations. If you suffer from anxiety, depression, balancing your mood, stress and anger management, I am here to support you to find your equilibrium, life priorities and inner peace. I work with adults, couples, families, young adults and teens assisting them in improving their mood, stress, relationship and communication with self and others, loss/grief of a love one, parenting skills, and other issues.
Hello and thank you for stopping by. Everyone gets tangled up with some issues. It could be because of a painful past, balancing your present emotions, stressed out by relationship issues, or by family and work expectations. If you suffer from anxiety, depression, balancing your mood, stress and anger management, I am here to support you to find your equilibrium, life priorities and inner peace. I work with adults, couples, families, young adults and teens assisting them in improving their mood, stress, relationship and communication with self and others, loss/grief of a love one, parenting skills, and other issues.
(437) 747-5179 View (437) 747-5179
Photo of Sonia Lee Baker - Healing Centered Counselling, BA, MA, Registered Psychotherapist
Healing Centered Counselling
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MA
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4M
Sonia is a registered psychotherapist and has her Master of Counselling in Counselling Psychology, she has had the pleasure of working with families, individuals and couples in a clinical setting for over ten years. Sonia works from a holistic and strength-based approach and integrates various health and wellness models into her practice. She specializes in CBT, EFT, trauma focused therapy, positive psychology, solution-focused, mindfulness techniques, attachment theory, Gottman couples therapy, and tailors treatment specifically to the individual.
Sonia is a registered psychotherapist and has her Master of Counselling in Counselling Psychology, she has had the pleasure of working with families, individuals and couples in a clinical setting for over ten years. Sonia works from a holistic and strength-based approach and integrates various health and wellness models into her practice. She specializes in CBT, EFT, trauma focused therapy, positive psychology, solution-focused, mindfulness techniques, attachment theory, Gottman couples therapy, and tailors treatment specifically to the individual.
(289) 804-8624 View (289) 804-8624
Photo of Rachel Jessome, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Rachel Jessome
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M
“My therapist just gets me”… is exactly what wellbe social worker and therapist, Rachel strives to hear from her patients after every session. Rachel believes having a genuine connection to her clients is the most important part to any therapeutic relationship. Equipped with a Master’s degree in Social Work and specializing in children, teens, and their families, Rachel has supported patients from diverse walks of life and in various settings including schools, shelters, and children’s mental health agencies.
“My therapist just gets me”… is exactly what wellbe social worker and therapist, Rachel strives to hear from her patients after every session. Rachel believes having a genuine connection to her clients is the most important part to any therapeutic relationship. Equipped with a Master’s degree in Social Work and specializing in children, teens, and their families, Rachel has supported patients from diverse walks of life and in various settings including schools, shelters, and children’s mental health agencies.
(437) 371-8910 View (437) 371-8910
Photo of Dorothee Chopamba, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Dorothee Chopamba
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4M  (Online Only)
Does “unprecedented” somehow sum it up? We are living in truly unprecedented times where life can be confusing or feel like it’s a painstaking paddle through physical and mental quicksand. Are you feeling like you are under too much mental or emotional pressure? Do you feel stuck, stressed, anxious, lonely, empty or overwhelmed? Does it feel like you are the only one failing to cope more than others? What about your relationships? Do you and your partner have the same fights repeatedly? I can help you resolve these issues.
Does “unprecedented” somehow sum it up? We are living in truly unprecedented times where life can be confusing or feel like it’s a painstaking paddle through physical and mental quicksand. Are you feeling like you are under too much mental or emotional pressure? Do you feel stuck, stressed, anxious, lonely, empty or overwhelmed? Does it feel like you are the only one failing to cope more than others? What about your relationships? Do you and your partner have the same fights repeatedly? I can help you resolve these issues.
(647) 797-9169 View (647) 797-9169
Photo of Jordan O'Connor
Jordan O'Connor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M  (Online Only)
Are you struggling in your relationships? Are you concerned about healthy boundaries? Are you dealing with a narcissist and wonder, “What do I do?” Do you feel stressed, because everything is important and you don’t know where do you begin? Are you trying drugs, alcohol, food, sex, pornography, videos games, or scrolling on websites for hours, anything to cope with feelings of boredom or stress? You know you want things to change, yet "something" isn’t clicking. You’re here looking for that "something." Let’s see if I can help.
Are you struggling in your relationships? Are you concerned about healthy boundaries? Are you dealing with a narcissist and wonder, “What do I do?” Do you feel stressed, because everything is important and you don’t know where do you begin? Are you trying drugs, alcohol, food, sex, pornography, videos games, or scrolling on websites for hours, anything to cope with feelings of boredom or stress? You know you want things to change, yet "something" isn’t clicking. You’re here looking for that "something." Let’s see if I can help.
(437) 372-5241 View (437) 372-5241
Photo of Liz Waisberg, MSW, RSW, AccFM, Registered Social Worker
Liz Waisberg
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, AccFM
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M  (Online Only)
Feeling Stuck? Struggling? Can't seem to quiet the negative self talk? Learn the skills you need to move forward with confidence. I love working with people to foster resilience and hope and to teach people how leave their struggles behind. My approach consists of a series of conversations to understand your current situation and then together we will develop the skills needed to navigate your challenges leaving you feeling more focused and optimistic.
Feeling Stuck? Struggling? Can't seem to quiet the negative self talk? Learn the skills you need to move forward with confidence. I love working with people to foster resilience and hope and to teach people how leave their struggles behind. My approach consists of a series of conversations to understand your current situation and then together we will develop the skills needed to navigate your challenges leaving you feeling more focused and optimistic.
(647) 697-8541 View (647) 697-8541
Photo of Stacy Thomas - The Design Your Life Centre, PhD, CPsych, Psychologist
The Design Your Life Centre
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M
I am an award-winning Clinical Psychologist, acclaimed speaker, and the CEO, founder, and clinical director of The Design Your Life Centre, a psychotherapy practice in Toronto and the founder of the online Design Your Life Community. With more than 20 years experience helping people navigate some of life’s most difficult journeys such as infertility, pregnancy loss, chronic pain, chronic illness and sudden traumatic events, my strength is my ability to recognize resilience and teach people how to apply proven psychological strategies in order to move past mere survival and thrive in the face of adversity.
I am an award-winning Clinical Psychologist, acclaimed speaker, and the CEO, founder, and clinical director of The Design Your Life Centre, a psychotherapy practice in Toronto and the founder of the online Design Your Life Community. With more than 20 years experience helping people navigate some of life’s most difficult journeys such as infertility, pregnancy loss, chronic pain, chronic illness and sudden traumatic events, my strength is my ability to recognize resilience and teach people how to apply proven psychological strategies in order to move past mere survival and thrive in the face of adversity.
(289) 205-1347 View (289) 205-1347
Photo of The Heart Of Healing Counselling Services - The Heart of Healing Counselling Services, MSW RSW, Registered Social Worker
The Heart of Healing Counselling Services
Registered Social Worker, MSW RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M
Anxiety, loneliness, burnout, stress, family, ADHD, trauma, or life transitions (to name a few) … if you need help with any of these, you've come to the right place. We are here to help you find solutions or provide a listening ear. We've worked with people from diverse backgrounds and ages and what’s most important to know is that at the heart of healing… is connection. Whether it's connecting with loved ones or seeking guidance from a counselor, creating a safe space is key to inspiring change. Let us support you in making positive changes and living your best life.
Anxiety, loneliness, burnout, stress, family, ADHD, trauma, or life transitions (to name a few) … if you need help with any of these, you've come to the right place. We are here to help you find solutions or provide a listening ear. We've worked with people from diverse backgrounds and ages and what’s most important to know is that at the heart of healing… is connection. Whether it's connecting with loved ones or seeking guidance from a counselor, creating a safe space is key to inspiring change. Let us support you in making positive changes and living your best life.
(647) 277-4762 View (647) 277-4762
Photo of Blake Anderson, MSW, RSW, BA, Registered Social Worker
Blake Anderson
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, BA
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4M
Blake is a Registered Social Worker with over 13 years of clinical practice, including 5 years as a Therapist/Coach and 8+ years as a Child Protection Worker. With a Master of Social Work (MSW) degree, a Bachelor of Social Work (BSW), and a BA in Philosophy, Blake brings a unique blend of academic and practical expertise to his practice. Blake specializes in 1) supporting individuals navigating the complexities of dysfunctional family dynamics and narcissistic abuse, 2) enhancing relationships through the evidence-based Gottman Method and 3) guiding high-functioning professionals toward personal and relational growth.
Blake is a Registered Social Worker with over 13 years of clinical practice, including 5 years as a Therapist/Coach and 8+ years as a Child Protection Worker. With a Master of Social Work (MSW) degree, a Bachelor of Social Work (BSW), and a BA in Philosophy, Blake brings a unique blend of academic and practical expertise to his practice. Blake specializes in 1) supporting individuals navigating the complexities of dysfunctional family dynamics and narcissistic abuse, 2) enhancing relationships through the evidence-based Gottman Method and 3) guiding high-functioning professionals toward personal and relational growth.
(437) 747-7417 View (437) 747-7417
Photo of Melody Liang, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Melody Liang
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M  (Online Only)
Accepting New Clients-Life is full of unpredictable challenges and messy moments. You get entangled in your past and in worrisome thoughts about the future. When you’re faced with roadblocks, sometimes you try to sweep them under the rug until you can no longer manage anymore.
Accepting New Clients-Life is full of unpredictable challenges and messy moments. You get entangled in your past and in worrisome thoughts about the future. When you’re faced with roadblocks, sometimes you try to sweep them under the rug until you can no longer manage anymore.
(437) 500-6493 View (437) 500-6493
Photo of Mark LeRoy, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Mark LeRoy
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4M  (Online Only)
Guided by unconditional positive regard and an understanding that trauma is what we hold inside in the absence of an empathetic witness, we will make room for the yet imagined or spoken, allowing space and time for your voice to move freely as we reflect and explore the beauty of the human condition.
Guided by unconditional positive regard and an understanding that trauma is what we hold inside in the absence of an empathetic witness, we will make room for the yet imagined or spoken, allowing space and time for your voice to move freely as we reflect and explore the beauty of the human condition.
(437) 800-3799 View (437) 800-3799
Photo of Sabrina Conrad, MBA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Sabrina Conrad
Registered Psychotherapist, MBA, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4M  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Sabrina. I work with adult individuals and bring a friendly, easy-going approach and sense of acceptance and safety to the sessions. Clients I see are experiencing depression or anxiety and are looking to ease their symptoms. Other issues I commonly work with are emotional loneliness, self-esteem, navigating family dynamics, relationship issues, and impostor syndrome.
Hi, I'm Sabrina. I work with adult individuals and bring a friendly, easy-going approach and sense of acceptance and safety to the sessions. Clients I see are experiencing depression or anxiety and are looking to ease their symptoms. Other issues I commonly work with are emotional loneliness, self-esteem, navigating family dynamics, relationship issues, and impostor syndrome.
(647) 691-0294 View (647) 691-0294
Photo of Katia Rodriguez, Registered Psychotherapist
Katia Rodriguez
Registered Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M
Do you feel depressed, anxious or ‘stuck’? Are you struggling with a situation, a loss or an important relationship?
Do you feel depressed, anxious or ‘stuck’? Are you struggling with a situation, a loss or an important relationship?
(437) 747-6362 View (437) 747-6362
Photo of Nikki Bianchi, MACP, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Nikki Bianchi
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M
Hey! I’m Nikki. My practice is focused on nurturing the mental health and well-being of women and girls through the lifecycle. I believe in taking a compassionate, non-judgmental, and strength-based approach to healing, and I am passionate about empowering clients to come home to their authentic selves.
Hey! I’m Nikki. My practice is focused on nurturing the mental health and well-being of women and girls through the lifecycle. I believe in taking a compassionate, non-judgmental, and strength-based approach to healing, and I am passionate about empowering clients to come home to their authentic selves.
View
Photo of Jamie Clahane - Jamie Clahane | Christian Therapist (virtual), MTS, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Jamie Clahane | Christian Therapist (virtual)
Registered Psychotherapist, MTS, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4M  (Online Only)
Thanks for taking the time to learn more about me and the care I provide. I am a registered psychotherapist providing therapy for people living in Ontario, Canada. I am a clinical counsellor who also has specialized training in pastoral care, which means I treat people at a very holistic level. I work with people struggling with a range of issues including clinical Anxiety, Depression, Low Self esteem, Addiction, Grief & Loss, and more complex issues such as, OCD, Eating Disorders, Complicated Grief, PTSD, and more. Yes, recovery involves mental & emotional processing and integration. However, the deepest healing involves more.
Thanks for taking the time to learn more about me and the care I provide. I am a registered psychotherapist providing therapy for people living in Ontario, Canada. I am a clinical counsellor who also has specialized training in pastoral care, which means I treat people at a very holistic level. I work with people struggling with a range of issues including clinical Anxiety, Depression, Low Self esteem, Addiction, Grief & Loss, and more complex issues such as, OCD, Eating Disorders, Complicated Grief, PTSD, and more. Yes, recovery involves mental & emotional processing and integration. However, the deepest healing involves more.
(289) 276-8409 View (289) 276-8409
Photo of Jaime Robson, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Jaime Robson
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M  (Online Only)
With a deep curiosity for the human condition, I practice Integrative Therapy, combining elements drawn from various methods (including EMDR, SE, CBT, mindfulness, and the Tri-Phasic Trauma Practice Model) to create a tailored approach for each individual and situation. I believe healing is a collaborative endeavour, and the therapeutic relationship is as important as the therapy itself. I offer virtual services, including individual counselling, group therapy, and supervision—As well as 20-minute complimentary consultations. Direct billing is available through Canada Life, Green Shield, SunLife, and Blue Cross/Medavie.
With a deep curiosity for the human condition, I practice Integrative Therapy, combining elements drawn from various methods (including EMDR, SE, CBT, mindfulness, and the Tri-Phasic Trauma Practice Model) to create a tailored approach for each individual and situation. I believe healing is a collaborative endeavour, and the therapeutic relationship is as important as the therapy itself. I offer virtual services, including individual counselling, group therapy, and supervision—As well as 20-minute complimentary consultations. Direct billing is available through Canada Life, Green Shield, SunLife, and Blue Cross/Medavie.
(437) 800-1874 View (437) 800-1874
Photo of Kelsey Beson, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Kelsey Beson
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M
I believe one of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand your own story. We can work together to explore your personal narrative to gain insight and self-awareness. By understanding your context, you can make more informed decisions about how you want to live. You really can balance acceptance of life as it is, while also taking control and deciding how you want to respond. You’re stronger than you think. Together, we will work to create a path towards a more fulfilling and authentic life.
I believe one of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand your own story. We can work together to explore your personal narrative to gain insight and self-awareness. By understanding your context, you can make more informed decisions about how you want to live. You really can balance acceptance of life as it is, while also taking control and deciding how you want to respond. You’re stronger than you think. Together, we will work to create a path towards a more fulfilling and authentic life.
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Photo of Anjuman Bains, PhD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Anjuman Bains
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M
I am a registered Psychologist (supervised practice) with the College of Psychologists of Ontario. I hold a Ph.D. in Psychology and a Diploma in Guidance and Counselling. I have 7 years experience working with adolescents and adults assisting them with a range of issues including stress, anxiety, depression,trauma, psychological effects of infertility, pregnancy loss, greif, chronic pain, sudden traumatic events, interpersonal and relationship issues.
I am a registered Psychologist (supervised practice) with the College of Psychologists of Ontario. I hold a Ph.D. in Psychology and a Diploma in Guidance and Counselling. I have 7 years experience working with adolescents and adults assisting them with a range of issues including stress, anxiety, depression,trauma, psychological effects of infertility, pregnancy loss, greif, chronic pain, sudden traumatic events, interpersonal and relationship issues.
(647) 955-3096 View (647) 955-3096
Photo of Kavita Joshi, BA, MBA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kavita Joshi
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA, MBA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M
Congratulations on taking this first step towards your own healing. People start therapy for many reasons. Maybe your inner voice wonders whether you’re good enough. Maybe you’re having a difficult time finding joy in your life, and are searching for more meaning. Maybe you’re finding it hard to cope with life’s challenges, or are undergoing a big change, and are feeling worry and anxiety. Maybe you’d like to explore an earlier trauma, and you’re looking for someone compassionate and open-minded, who can help bring a new level of insight to your past and together make meaning.
Congratulations on taking this first step towards your own healing. People start therapy for many reasons. Maybe your inner voice wonders whether you’re good enough. Maybe you’re having a difficult time finding joy in your life, and are searching for more meaning. Maybe you’re finding it hard to cope with life’s challenges, or are undergoing a big change, and are feeling worry and anxiety. Maybe you’d like to explore an earlier trauma, and you’re looking for someone compassionate and open-minded, who can help bring a new level of insight to your past and together make meaning.
(437) 747-6653 View (437) 747-6653
1

See more therapy options for M4M

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in M4M

100+

Average cost per session

$155

Counsellors in M4M who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
89% Relationship Issues
86% Self Esteem
79% Stress
73% Grief
72% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% Green Shield Canada
70% SunLife
70% Manulife

How Counsellors in M4M see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
13% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in M4M?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.

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