Photo of Cara Cicero, PsyD, Psychologist
Cara Cicero
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22303
I strive to help individuals examine and remove the challenges that are causing them difficulties in their day-to-day lives and relationships. Current challenges may be due to earlier experiences that are continuing to contribute to unhelpful patterns of interactions and reactions. I primarily use a cognitive-behavioral approach to help clients who are experiencing anxiety, depression, and other “stuck” negative thoughts and feelings; I see therapy as a collaborative process for gaining tools and moving forward toward more positive experiences.
I strive to help individuals examine and remove the challenges that are causing them difficulties in their day-to-day lives and relationships. Current challenges may be due to earlier experiences that are continuing to contribute to unhelpful patterns of interactions and reactions. I primarily use a cognitive-behavioral approach to help clients who are experiencing anxiety, depression, and other “stuck” negative thoughts and feelings; I see therapy as a collaborative process for gaining tools and moving forward toward more positive experiences.
(571) 789-0126 View (571) 789-0126
Photo of Lisa Nava, PhD, Psychologist
Lisa Nava
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22303
Hello, and thanks for visiting my web page! Therapy is about helping you become the person you want to be. The focus and goals of therapy depend on where you are feeling stuck or dissatisfied in your life. I am an "eclectic" therapist, which means that I draw from many different perspectives as I learn about you and help you implement the changes you'd like to make. If you'd like to talk to me more about working together, please give me a call or contact me through email.
Hello, and thanks for visiting my web page! Therapy is about helping you become the person you want to be. The focus and goals of therapy depend on where you are feeling stuck or dissatisfied in your life. I am an "eclectic" therapist, which means that I draw from many different perspectives as I learn about you and help you implement the changes you'd like to make. If you'd like to talk to me more about working together, please give me a call or contact me through email.
(703) 596-0184 View (703) 596-0184
Photo of Beth A. Maples, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Beth A. Maples
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22303  (Online Only)
The experience of grief is a universal journey that all persons will encounter at one time or another in their lives and with it can come some of the most anguishing of feelings. Walking through the wilderness of grief can be painful, and often, very lonely. But you never have to do it alone. Grief comes in waves where moment to moment feelings and emotions can shift, feeling that we are lost. Losing a loved one can leave us confused, not understood by those around us, and limited in our way of navigating ourselves and life.
The experience of grief is a universal journey that all persons will encounter at one time or another in their lives and with it can come some of the most anguishing of feelings. Walking through the wilderness of grief can be painful, and often, very lonely. But you never have to do it alone. Grief comes in waves where moment to moment feelings and emotions can shift, feeling that we are lost. Losing a loved one can leave us confused, not understood by those around us, and limited in our way of navigating ourselves and life.
(571) 556-8059 View (571) 556-8059
Photo of Sean Walsh, PhD, Psychologist
Sean Walsh
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22303
Understanding the causes of anxiety, depression, and other types of psychological suffering by increasing self-awareness is the key to navigating life's challenges. With years of experience in clinical practice and academia, I've had the privilege of assisting individuals from various walks of life in navigating their psychological challenges. My approach to therapy is based on empathic attunement, fostering self-awareness, and empirically supported approaches tailored to the needs of each person. I am committed to fostering a safe and supportive environment where clients can explore their thoughts and feelings openly.
Understanding the causes of anxiety, depression, and other types of psychological suffering by increasing self-awareness is the key to navigating life's challenges. With years of experience in clinical practice and academia, I've had the privilege of assisting individuals from various walks of life in navigating their psychological challenges. My approach to therapy is based on empathic attunement, fostering self-awareness, and empirically supported approaches tailored to the needs of each person. I am committed to fostering a safe and supportive environment where clients can explore their thoughts and feelings openly.
(703) 810-3532 View (703) 810-3532
Photo of Maria Anastasiou, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Maria Anastasiou
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22303  (Online Only)
I'm Maria and I love helping people feel better. Are you ready to heal from the inside out and discover new ways of relating to yourself, your family, your partner and friends? Couples, you are my specialty. I create a safe non-judgmental space for you both to begin a new relationship that feels emotionally safe and connected. I'm here to help you both individually and relationally by creating a safe space for you to process your emotions and needs. Together we begin the journey to a happy, healthier you, relationship and life. I also work with individuals and families in the same way supporting your needs and reaching your goals.
I'm Maria and I love helping people feel better. Are you ready to heal from the inside out and discover new ways of relating to yourself, your family, your partner and friends? Couples, you are my specialty. I create a safe non-judgmental space for you both to begin a new relationship that feels emotionally safe and connected. I'm here to help you both individually and relationally by creating a safe space for you to process your emotions and needs. Together we begin the journey to a happy, healthier you, relationship and life. I also work with individuals and families in the same way supporting your needs and reaching your goals.
(703) 782-4711 View (703) 782-4711
Photo of Mary Combemale - Mary Combemale, LCSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mary Combemale, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22303
Not accepting new clients
I am not taking new clients as of July 2024. I no longer take insurance. In my work I look forward to learning about clients. I focus on people's history and experience to deepen insight into individuals and issues. Understanding each person's means of coping is a vital part of how we go forward. As I learn more about a client, the goal is to increase insight, identify and work with emotions and construct helpful tasks towards resolving issues and living life fully.
I am not taking new clients as of July 2024. I no longer take insurance. In my work I look forward to learning about clients. I focus on people's history and experience to deepen insight into individuals and issues. Understanding each person's means of coping is a vital part of how we go forward. As I learn more about a client, the goal is to increase insight, identify and work with emotions and construct helpful tasks towards resolving issues and living life fully.
(703) 596-4691 View (703) 596-4691
Photo of Amy Rueffert, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Amy Rueffert
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22303
I enjoy working with couples and adults to help them improve the quality of their relationships and better understand their behavioral motivations and patterns that keep them feeling stuck. I approach therapy with compassion and warmth, allowing clients the space to comfortably share their stories and access their personal strengths to make desired changes. I have advanced training in Emotion-Focused Therapy for couples and have experience conducting workshops for couples with an emphasis on teaching effective communication skills to decrease conflict and stress while increasing problem solving skills.
I enjoy working with couples and adults to help them improve the quality of their relationships and better understand their behavioral motivations and patterns that keep them feeling stuck. I approach therapy with compassion and warmth, allowing clients the space to comfortably share their stories and access their personal strengths to make desired changes. I have advanced training in Emotion-Focused Therapy for couples and have experience conducting workshops for couples with an emphasis on teaching effective communication skills to decrease conflict and stress while increasing problem solving skills.
(571) 556-4250 View (571) 556-4250
Photo of Katie Shepherd, MSW, LICSW, CST, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katie Shepherd
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CST
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22303  (Online Only)
I am dedicated to helping people realize their personal and relational potential. My expertise and passion is in sex and relationship therapy, and LGBTQ, kink, and polyamory friendly work. I specialize in issues of trauma, sexual assault and abuse, and domestic violence. I assist people in understanding their unhelpful thinking patterns, navigating healthy relationship dynamics, and difficulties in communication.
I am dedicated to helping people realize their personal and relational potential. My expertise and passion is in sex and relationship therapy, and LGBTQ, kink, and polyamory friendly work. I specialize in issues of trauma, sexual assault and abuse, and domestic violence. I assist people in understanding their unhelpful thinking patterns, navigating healthy relationship dynamics, and difficulties in communication.
(703) 454-8330 View (703) 454-8330
Photo of Rachel Townes, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rachel Townes
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22303  (Online Only)
“Am I living in a way which is deeply satisfying to me, and which truly expresses me?”- CR - Life comes with its ebbs and flows and it can be challenging feeling as though you are alone with your worries or feeling trapped in painful patterns or emotions. Beginning therapy is often our first step on the path toward healing. And just by considering this step, you are already taking a leap that requires courage and trust in yourself and your potential therapist.
“Am I living in a way which is deeply satisfying to me, and which truly expresses me?”- CR - Life comes with its ebbs and flows and it can be challenging feeling as though you are alone with your worries or feeling trapped in painful patterns or emotions. Beginning therapy is often our first step on the path toward healing. And just by considering this step, you are already taking a leap that requires courage and trust in yourself and your potential therapist.
(571) 348-2253 View (571) 348-2253
Photo of Melissa Anderson, LCSW, LSATP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melissa Anderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LSATP
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22303  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
You have made the first step to improve your mental health and wellness, seeking the assistance of a qualified therapist. Whether dealing with depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, relationship problems or life transitions, therapy can play a key part in the development of goals, identification of roadblocks to achieving those goals and building the tools to bring about change. I bring an integrative approach to help people resolve emotional conflicts, develop self-awareness/acceptance and increase coping skills, constructive behaviors, and thought patterns.
You have made the first step to improve your mental health and wellness, seeking the assistance of a qualified therapist. Whether dealing with depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, relationship problems or life transitions, therapy can play a key part in the development of goals, identification of roadblocks to achieving those goals and building the tools to bring about change. I bring an integrative approach to help people resolve emotional conflicts, develop self-awareness/acceptance and increase coping skills, constructive behaviors, and thought patterns.
(571) 568-9030 View (571) 568-9030
Photo of Britney Wagoner, LGMFT
Britney Wagoner
Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy, LGMFT
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22303  (Online Only)
I'm Britney, a dedicated Couple and Family Therapist with a deep understanding of the unique challenges that life can bring. Having traveled to many parts of the world, I’ve gained a broad perspective on how different circumstances can impact our lives-including the struggles of military life. If you're facing anxiety, depression, trauma-related issues or difficulties in your marriage, relationship, or with your children, I’m here to help. Life often throws challenges our way, and while we can’t choose the circumstances we’re born into, we can learn to navigate our lives and relationships in ways that feel fulfilling and meaningful.
I'm Britney, a dedicated Couple and Family Therapist with a deep understanding of the unique challenges that life can bring. Having traveled to many parts of the world, I’ve gained a broad perspective on how different circumstances can impact our lives-including the struggles of military life. If you're facing anxiety, depression, trauma-related issues or difficulties in your marriage, relationship, or with your children, I’m here to help. Life often throws challenges our way, and while we can’t choose the circumstances we’re born into, we can learn to navigate our lives and relationships in ways that feel fulfilling and meaningful.
(804) 373-2407 View (804) 373-2407
Photo of Brave Within Counseling🔍 Meghan McNeill Emdr Therapist, MEd, LPC-R
Brave Within Counseling🔍 Meghan McNeill Emdr Therapist
Resident in Counseling, MEd, LPC-R
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22303  (Online Only)
You want to be the person you know you are deep down, but you do not know how to wade through the layers of who you feel you need to be for others or the way you feel you need to present to meet external expectations. You feel lost. You feel misunderstood.You may even struggle to get through the day or week. You feel alone. I want you to know that you are not alone.
You want to be the person you know you are deep down, but you do not know how to wade through the layers of who you feel you need to be for others or the way you feel you need to present to meet external expectations. You feel lost. You feel misunderstood.You may even struggle to get through the day or week. You feel alone. I want you to know that you are not alone.
(844) 502-7283 View (844) 502-7283
Photo of James M. Crawford, PsyD, Psychologist
James M. Crawford
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Many individuals, families, and couples realize at some juncture in their lives that they need professional assistance in order to successfully navigate or cope with overwhelming situations, strained interpersonal relationships (e.g., discord with a romantic partner), or intense emotional responses to their environment (e.g., sadness, or excessive worrying). In addition, most people are also confronted by situations in which their past experiences dictate their current reactions, responses, and behaviors. Although most individuals experience some variation of the same challenges, most often, people seek additional support when the problems begin to impact their daily functioning and relationships with others.
Many individuals, families, and couples realize at some juncture in their lives that they need professional assistance in order to successfully navigate or cope with overwhelming situations, strained interpersonal relationships (e.g., discord with a romantic partner), or intense emotional responses to their environment (e.g., sadness, or excessive worrying). In addition, most people are also confronted by situations in which their past experiences dictate their current reactions, responses, and behaviors. Although most individuals experience some variation of the same challenges, most often, people seek additional support when the problems begin to impact their daily functioning and relationships with others.
(202) 656-7999 View (202) 656-7999
Photo of Katherine T Smith, PhD, Psychologist
Katherine T Smith
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Typically, I work with clients ranging in age from 12 through adulthood. Many of my clients are facing challenges with depression, anxiety, job or school performance, relationship issues (couples, parenting, family of origin, and work). Often people come to a juncture in their lives when they know something must change. My work focuses on the desired change each person brings. Together we address reducing symptoms, removing obstacles to growth and increasing life satisfaction. Techniques including NLP, non-verbal presence, mindfulness are offered. Executive coaching, leadership and team building, masterful communication, and conflict mediation skills are offered to organizations.
Typically, I work with clients ranging in age from 12 through adulthood. Many of my clients are facing challenges with depression, anxiety, job or school performance, relationship issues (couples, parenting, family of origin, and work). Often people come to a juncture in their lives when they know something must change. My work focuses on the desired change each person brings. Together we address reducing symptoms, removing obstacles to growth and increasing life satisfaction. Techniques including NLP, non-verbal presence, mindfulness are offered. Executive coaching, leadership and team building, masterful communication, and conflict mediation skills are offered to organizations.
(703) 957-7328 View (703) 957-7328
Photo of Jane Gould - Omega Wellness, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Omega Wellness
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22303  (Online Only)
You belong to the LGBTQ community, and you seem to have been struggling all your life with being somehow different and up against discrimination, humiliation, even downright abuse.
You belong to the LGBTQ community, and you seem to have been struggling all your life with being somehow different and up against discrimination, humiliation, even downright abuse.
(202) 516-7511 View (202) 516-7511
Photo of Amy Lyn Wood, PhD, Psychologist
Amy Lyn Wood
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22303
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, who enjoys working with individuals ages 7+. Assessment and therapy can be useful ways to better understand one's strengths/challenges at each developmental stage. Students today can face an array of struggles from lack of motivation to anxiety/perfectionism. School-age children may encounter difficulties with learning and self-regulation in the classroom. Adolescents are figuring out who they are, while navigating the ever-present world of social media in a safe, healthy way. Adults typically strive to function at their best in numerous realms, often feeling unsuccessful or overwhelmed.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, who enjoys working with individuals ages 7+. Assessment and therapy can be useful ways to better understand one's strengths/challenges at each developmental stage. Students today can face an array of struggles from lack of motivation to anxiety/perfectionism. School-age children may encounter difficulties with learning and self-regulation in the classroom. Adolescents are figuring out who they are, while navigating the ever-present world of social media in a safe, healthy way. Adults typically strive to function at their best in numerous realms, often feeling unsuccessful or overwhelmed.
(703) 596-3153 View (703) 596-3153
Photo of Mary C. Ray, LCSW, ACSW, SEP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mary C. Ray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW, SEP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22303
Waitlist for new clients
People come to see me to enhance life. Things are going ok however self care needs improvement. They are having difficulty in relationships with themselves and others, reacting instead of responding. They are willing to examine and work to improve physical, emotional, sexual, social, spiritual and intellectual aspects of life, hoping to improve self and co regulation. Often they are aware of past or current trauma interfering with their capacity to attach, establish new ways/patterns of living life to enhance the future. In practice at my current location since 1990.
People come to see me to enhance life. Things are going ok however self care needs improvement. They are having difficulty in relationships with themselves and others, reacting instead of responding. They are willing to examine and work to improve physical, emotional, sexual, social, spiritual and intellectual aspects of life, hoping to improve self and co regulation. Often they are aware of past or current trauma interfering with their capacity to attach, establish new ways/patterns of living life to enhance the future. In practice at my current location since 1990.
(703) 291-3406 View (703) 291-3406
Photo of Valerie Larkin, PsyD, Psychologist
Valerie Larkin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22303
As a Clinical Psychologist for the past 30+ years, I have worked with individuals, couples and families with a wide variety of issues and concerns. While problems need to be identified, I prefer to focus on the strengths that are often obscured by the stress and the immediate crisis. As the stress becomes manageable, so too can we together discover the strengths that will result in solutions, growth and improvement. I look forward to sharing that challenge with you.
As a Clinical Psychologist for the past 30+ years, I have worked with individuals, couples and families with a wide variety of issues and concerns. While problems need to be identified, I prefer to focus on the strengths that are often obscured by the stress and the immediate crisis. As the stress becomes manageable, so too can we together discover the strengths that will result in solutions, growth and improvement. I look forward to sharing that challenge with you.
(703) 594-4045 View (703) 594-4045
Photo of Sana Gaitonde, PsyD, Psychologist
Sana Gaitonde
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22303
I have an extensive background working with adolescents, and adults, providing psychotherapy. I have worked in a variety of settings including private practices, community clinics, and residential treatment centers. With specialized training and experience in different theoretical approaches including psychodynamic, mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral and dialectical behavioral therapy, trauma-focused CBT, interpersonal, and narrative therapy, I use an integrated approach to meet the unique needs of each client. Due to my own diverse background and experience, I am intimately aware of multicultural issues, and enjoy working with a clientele from various arrays of life.
I have an extensive background working with adolescents, and adults, providing psychotherapy. I have worked in a variety of settings including private practices, community clinics, and residential treatment centers. With specialized training and experience in different theoretical approaches including psychodynamic, mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral and dialectical behavioral therapy, trauma-focused CBT, interpersonal, and narrative therapy, I use an integrated approach to meet the unique needs of each client. Due to my own diverse background and experience, I am intimately aware of multicultural issues, and enjoy working with a clientele from various arrays of life.
(571) 496-8985 View (571) 496-8985
Photo of Sarah Farnaby - Over the Rainbow, LLC, PsyD, LPC, LCPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Over the Rainbow, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22303
Not accepting new clients
The mission of OTR is to provide ethical and professional clinical services to those overcoming trauma and those struggling within their self and relationships. OTR's commitment to our patients is to empower, support, and guide them on a journey of healing and growth. Our clinicians are integrative in their treatment approaches in order to effectively meet our patients' needs. Licensed to practice in VA, DC, and MD. We do at times have a wait for new clients due to most cases being long term. Please let us know if you are public safety/first responder, or deploying or leaving for assignment soon for further intake information.
The mission of OTR is to provide ethical and professional clinical services to those overcoming trauma and those struggling within their self and relationships. OTR's commitment to our patients is to empower, support, and guide them on a journey of healing and growth. Our clinicians are integrative in their treatment approaches in order to effectively meet our patients' needs. Licensed to practice in VA, DC, and MD. We do at times have a wait for new clients due to most cases being long term. Please let us know if you are public safety/first responder, or deploying or leaving for assignment soon for further intake information.
(202) 410-3998 View (202) 410-3998
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 22303

50+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 22303 who prioritize treating:

86% Anxiety
85% Depression
71% Relationship Issues
68% Self Esteem
66% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Cigna and Evernorth
76% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% Aetna

How Therapists in 22303 see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
16% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 22303?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.

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