Photo of Eric Gustavson, LPC, NCC, CFRC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Eric Gustavson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CFRC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Here in beautiful Western Colorado, you want to be living your best life. Maybe stress, relationship issues, depression, anxiety, or past traumas are preventing you from living your life to its fullest potential. Or perhaps you need a non-judgmental individual to talk to about concerns, thoughts, or feelings that you have. It could be that you have been hurt by people you thought you could open up to, and now you are unwilling to share things with others in your life. I am here to help, to be there with you as you take steps towards living the life that you want. Let us work together to overcome the issues that you face.
Here in beautiful Western Colorado, you want to be living your best life. Maybe stress, relationship issues, depression, anxiety, or past traumas are preventing you from living your life to its fullest potential. Or perhaps you need a non-judgmental individual to talk to about concerns, thoughts, or feelings that you have. It could be that you have been hurt by people you thought you could open up to, and now you are unwilling to share things with others in your life. I am here to help, to be there with you as you take steps towards living the life that you want. Let us work together to overcome the issues that you face.
(970) 549-9468 View (970) 549-9468
Photo of Daniel BE, PhD, Psychologist
Daniel BE
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dr. BE connects well with people who you might not traditionally associate with counseling services to guide them through their struggles and life challenges. That drive to "have it all" that so many professionals demonstrate can also make it hard to ask for help at times when it's needed most. With both a unique "no BS" attitude and a demeanor that's connectable, Dr. BE has become a valuable asset for clients who typically didn't expect to find therapy beneficial.
Dr. BE connects well with people who you might not traditionally associate with counseling services to guide them through their struggles and life challenges. That drive to "have it all" that so many professionals demonstrate can also make it hard to ask for help at times when it's needed most. With both a unique "no BS" attitude and a demeanor that's connectable, Dr. BE has become a valuable asset for clients who typically didn't expect to find therapy beneficial.
(970) 426-0584 View (970) 426-0584
Photo of Mary Beth Luedtke, MA, LPCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Mary Beth Luedtke
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
I am passionate about understanding human dynamics and have found my calling through a career in therapy, guiding others to learn the emotional skills to improve their lives and create deeply connected interpersonal relationships.
I am passionate about understanding human dynamics and have found my calling through a career in therapy, guiding others to learn the emotional skills to improve their lives and create deeply connected interpersonal relationships.
(970) 500-1969 View (970) 500-1969
Photo of Elizabeth Dianne Aubert - Credence Counseling Services, LLC., MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Credence Counseling Services, LLC.
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
We are a team of mental health clinicians working together to serve the Grand Valley. Our clinicians provide both in-person and telehealth services to best meet the needs of our clientele. Our clinicians accept most insurances and our supervised LPCCs/LCSWs are able to accept Medicaid and Second Wind Funding. Our team members employ a variety of skills and techniques in therapy, including EMDR, TF-CBT, DBT, ACT, Geek Therapeutics, CAMS, and Play Therapy. Please refer to our website for more information about our clinicians and their areas of specialty. We work with children, adolescents, young adults, adults, couples, and elderly.
We are a team of mental health clinicians working together to serve the Grand Valley. Our clinicians provide both in-person and telehealth services to best meet the needs of our clientele. Our clinicians accept most insurances and our supervised LPCCs/LCSWs are able to accept Medicaid and Second Wind Funding. Our team members employ a variety of skills and techniques in therapy, including EMDR, TF-CBT, DBT, ACT, Geek Therapeutics, CAMS, and Play Therapy. Please refer to our website for more information about our clinicians and their areas of specialty. We work with children, adolescents, young adults, adults, couples, and elderly.
(970) 409-1310 View (970) 409-1310
Photo of Leah Sadeghi, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Leah Sadeghi
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Grand Junction, CO 81505  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Adults I work with often find they are an expert in taking care of everyone around them but feel uncertain how to take care of themselves. They may be "people pleasers" and know in great detail what others may need and how to fix things, but struggle to know what they need, how they feel or how to address their own problems. This often leads to feelings of anger, resentment, exhaustion, self-harming thoughts and neglect of their own needs, with an increase in anxiety, depression, or grief. They may also have experienced trauma and are struggling with triggers impacting their functioning.
Adults I work with often find they are an expert in taking care of everyone around them but feel uncertain how to take care of themselves. They may be "people pleasers" and know in great detail what others may need and how to fix things, but struggle to know what they need, how they feel or how to address their own problems. This often leads to feelings of anger, resentment, exhaustion, self-harming thoughts and neglect of their own needs, with an increase in anxiety, depression, or grief. They may also have experienced trauma and are struggling with triggers impacting their functioning.
(720) 664-4358 View (720) 664-4358
Photo of Donna BE, MA, LPC, BCPC, CRS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Donna BE
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, BCPC, CRS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
All people need to learn tangible emotional skills and tools to create the healthy, conscious life and relationships they truly desire. As humans, we all have emotional issues. Issues are never the problem. The problem is that we, commonly, have not been taught the very skills that allow us to identify and, most importantly, deal successfully with our own set of issues. That leaves us acting out those issues, creating a disruption to our health, growth and important relationships. No need to suffer those disappointments unnecessarily. Anyone can learn to deal with their obstacles to creating true harmony in life.
All people need to learn tangible emotional skills and tools to create the healthy, conscious life and relationships they truly desire. As humans, we all have emotional issues. Issues are never the problem. The problem is that we, commonly, have not been taught the very skills that allow us to identify and, most importantly, deal successfully with our own set of issues. That leaves us acting out those issues, creating a disruption to our health, growth and important relationships. No need to suffer those disappointments unnecessarily. Anyone can learn to deal with their obstacles to creating true harmony in life.
(970) 300-5179 View (970) 300-5179
Photo of Clare M Comstock, MSW, LCSW, SEP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Clare M Comstock
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, SEP
Verified Verified
Anxious, Depressed, Overwhelmed? Has life lost its meaning? I specialize in resolving Anxiety, Depression, and Trauma. I work with people to: 1.Release restrictive patterns that contribute to anxiety and depression. 2.Address the meaning of the symptoms, so they won't return in another form. 3.Tap the wisdom of body and psyche to facilitate the healing of trauma. 4.Use Mindfulness in relating to the emotions and issues, rather than from them. 5.Create a safe space in which to explore the process that is trying to unfold. 6.Restore a sense of aliveness, authenticity, and purpose to life.
Anxious, Depressed, Overwhelmed? Has life lost its meaning? I specialize in resolving Anxiety, Depression, and Trauma. I work with people to: 1.Release restrictive patterns that contribute to anxiety and depression. 2.Address the meaning of the symptoms, so they won't return in another form. 3.Tap the wisdom of body and psyche to facilitate the healing of trauma. 4.Use Mindfulness in relating to the emotions and issues, rather than from them. 5.Create a safe space in which to explore the process that is trying to unfold. 6.Restore a sense of aliveness, authenticity, and purpose to life.
(720) 241-6163 View (720) 241-6163
Photo of Brianna True, Pre-Licensed Professional
Brianna True
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Life is hard and having support along the way can help take away some of the heaviness of it all. I am personally passionate about therapy because while you don’t need my whole back story, I went through a major loss, and it took me 9 years to personally see a therapist. Looking back on my journey to therapy and becoming an MFT, getting started felt like the hardest part but I am thankful I decided to start healing. I know it can be difficult to reach out for help, and I want to be here to support you if you have decided it is time. I want you to know there is light on the other side of hard things and that things can get better.
Life is hard and having support along the way can help take away some of the heaviness of it all. I am personally passionate about therapy because while you don’t need my whole back story, I went through a major loss, and it took me 9 years to personally see a therapist. Looking back on my journey to therapy and becoming an MFT, getting started felt like the hardest part but I am thankful I decided to start healing. I know it can be difficult to reach out for help, and I want to be here to support you if you have decided it is time. I want you to know there is light on the other side of hard things and that things can get better.
(970) 465-8981 View (970) 465-8981
Photo of Haleigh Wuster, MS, MFTC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Haleigh Wuster
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFTC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
If you are looking for pre-marital counseling, healing work after a betrayal, or hoping to learn how to communicate with your partner more effectively, I may be a great fit for you! Throughout my personal and professional life, I have witnessed first-hand the power healthy connection and relationships can have on an individual's healing process. With a majority of my training being with couples/family systems, I find joy in working with couples and families to heal attachment injuries and instill a sense of felt trust and connection. I do see individuals, specifically those seeking healing from complex trauma. I am EMDR trained!
If you are looking for pre-marital counseling, healing work after a betrayal, or hoping to learn how to communicate with your partner more effectively, I may be a great fit for you! Throughout my personal and professional life, I have witnessed first-hand the power healthy connection and relationships can have on an individual's healing process. With a majority of my training being with couples/family systems, I find joy in working with couples and families to heal attachment injuries and instill a sense of felt trust and connection. I do see individuals, specifically those seeking healing from complex trauma. I am EMDR trained!
(970) 438-0785 View (970) 438-0785
Photo of Michael M Olson, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Michael M Olson
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
For over 25 years, I've been helping individuals, couples, and families struggling with a range of problems including, but not limited to: anxiety, depression, ADD, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, marital and family distress, infidelity, and sexual addictions. Working as a therapist, researcher, and professor in medical settings throughout my career (University of Texas Medical Branch, University of Nebraska Medical Center) has informed my work with individuals and families to provide whole-personal care, integrating mind, body, and spirit.
For over 25 years, I've been helping individuals, couples, and families struggling with a range of problems including, but not limited to: anxiety, depression, ADD, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, marital and family distress, infidelity, and sexual addictions. Working as a therapist, researcher, and professor in medical settings throughout my career (University of Texas Medical Branch, University of Nebraska Medical Center) has informed my work with individuals and families to provide whole-personal care, integrating mind, body, and spirit.
(970) 236-7958 View (970) 236-7958
Photo of Rylan Hellstern, MS, LMFTA
Rylan Hellstern
Marriage and Family Therapist Candidate , MS, LMFTA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I believe in seeing people holistically (the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual) and hope to collaborate with clients as they navigate the various complexities of being human. I am passionate about helping individuals to re-discover their true selves and in turn strengthen relationships within marriages, romantic partnerships, families, friendships, and communities. I have experience working with individuals, teenagers, couples, and families in private practice and community mental health settings.
I believe in seeing people holistically (the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual) and hope to collaborate with clients as they navigate the various complexities of being human. I am passionate about helping individuals to re-discover their true selves and in turn strengthen relationships within marriages, romantic partnerships, families, friendships, and communities. I have experience working with individuals, teenagers, couples, and families in private practice and community mental health settings.
(970) 236-4853 View (970) 236-4853
Photo of Kim A Nuzzo, CAC, III, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Kim A Nuzzo
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, CAC, III
Verified Verified
I have worked for the last 30 years in the addiction treatment field, with addicts and family members. For the last eight years I have specialized in treating Sexual Addiction: internet pornography, sexual compulsivity, intimacy anorexia, infidelity.
I have worked for the last 30 years in the addiction treatment field, with addicts and family members. For the last eight years I have specialized in treating Sexual Addiction: internet pornography, sexual compulsivity, intimacy anorexia, infidelity.
(970) 355-3103 View (970) 355-3103
Photo of Jason Cheney, MEd, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jason Cheney
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Not accepting new clients
Sometimes when life feels overwhelming, or our relationships aren't working, or we're struggling to meet all of life's demands, we might start feeling like something is wrong with us. My clients tend to discover that they are not broken but adaptive. I believe that it is important for people to be heard and understood, and appreciate the "why" behind their feelings and actions.
Sometimes when life feels overwhelming, or our relationships aren't working, or we're struggling to meet all of life's demands, we might start feeling like something is wrong with us. My clients tend to discover that they are not broken but adaptive. I believe that it is important for people to be heard and understood, and appreciate the "why" behind their feelings and actions.
(970) 329-8451 View (970) 329-8451
Photo of Dr. Steven Glasser, PhD, LPC-CO, LADC-MN, LPCC-MN, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Steven Glasser
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-CO, LADC-MN, LPCC-MN
Verified Verified
Grand Junction, CO 81505  (Online Only)
Welcome to Timberland Counseling. I am Dr. Steven Glasser, a dedicated and compassionate professional counselor committed to supporting individuals on their journey toward mental well-being. With a master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and and doctrate in Counseling Education and Supervision, I have spent 15 years working in various counseling environments, where I developed a passion for helping clients navigate their personal challenges and achieve their goals.
Welcome to Timberland Counseling. I am Dr. Steven Glasser, a dedicated and compassionate professional counselor committed to supporting individuals on their journey toward mental well-being. With a master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and and doctrate in Counseling Education and Supervision, I have spent 15 years working in various counseling environments, where I developed a passion for helping clients navigate their personal challenges and achieve their goals.
(970) 489-7012 View (970) 489-7012
Photo of Dr. Katrina Katen at Individual Matters, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Katrina Katen at Individual Matters
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Are you a parent with concerns about your child's learning or behavior? Is your child struggling in school? Do you have questions about their development, attention, executive functioning, academic skills, social-emotional functioning, or anxiety? Has a teacher indicated that your child might be having problems? Does you child exhibits traits or characteristics of autism spectrum disorder? Or perhaps you are wondering about giftedness or twice-exceptionality? If any of these questions resonate, or if you simply feel that your child is unhappy or struggling, a clinical evaluation can provide answers and direction.
Are you a parent with concerns about your child's learning or behavior? Is your child struggling in school? Do you have questions about their development, attention, executive functioning, academic skills, social-emotional functioning, or anxiety? Has a teacher indicated that your child might be having problems? Does you child exhibits traits or characteristics of autism spectrum disorder? Or perhaps you are wondering about giftedness or twice-exceptionality? If any of these questions resonate, or if you simply feel that your child is unhappy or struggling, a clinical evaluation can provide answers and direction.
(970) 628-5589 View (970) 628-5589
Photo of Tara Doudy, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Tara Doudy
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Grand Junction, CO 81505  (Online Only)
My ideal client is a teen, adult or couple who is self aware, motivated, and is either curious or committed to doing the work necessary to start their healing journey. They may be someone who has learned a behavior to cope with trauma, like substance use or an eating disorder for example, and are discovering that tool is no longer serving them. Perhaps they notice the way they have been living is in alignment with someone else's values rather than their own. My goal as a therapist is to bring to their attention ideas and feedback that provides a new perspective that guides my clients to a more empowered way of life.
My ideal client is a teen, adult or couple who is self aware, motivated, and is either curious or committed to doing the work necessary to start their healing journey. They may be someone who has learned a behavior to cope with trauma, like substance use or an eating disorder for example, and are discovering that tool is no longer serving them. Perhaps they notice the way they have been living is in alignment with someone else's values rather than their own. My goal as a therapist is to bring to their attention ideas and feedback that provides a new perspective that guides my clients to a more empowered way of life.
(970) 579-7697 View (970) 579-7697
Photo of Heather Juanes - Monument Christian Counseling, PLLC, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Monument Christian Counseling, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Everyone has unique contextual factors that contributes to their life story.  Your story matters! Our counselors consider it an honor and privilege to enter into your story with you.  We provide individual counseling for children, adolescents, young adults, and adults, as well as couples counseling and family counseling. We believe that God meets us in our place of need. Faith based counseling allows God the space to heal us spiritually, mentally, and emotionally.
Everyone has unique contextual factors that contributes to their life story.  Your story matters! Our counselors consider it an honor and privilege to enter into your story with you.  We provide individual counseling for children, adolescents, young adults, and adults, as well as couples counseling and family counseling. We believe that God meets us in our place of need. Faith based counseling allows God the space to heal us spiritually, mentally, and emotionally.
(970) 251-8588 View (970) 251-8588
Photo of Jymi Layne Bond - The Chocolate Peach Bonding Company, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
The Chocolate Peach Bonding Company
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Progress is determined by the ability to step, not the actual step. The ability to step is often impeded by our view of self, based on our past experiences and our perceptions of the future. The organization of thoughts from both our past and about our future allow us to be present to have the ability to step into our intended destiny. Those moments of darkness in our lives that lend to our self-image and handicap our opportunity to be hopeful about tomorrow can be reorganized so that they may become fuel for our present self.
Progress is determined by the ability to step, not the actual step. The ability to step is often impeded by our view of self, based on our past experiences and our perceptions of the future. The organization of thoughts from both our past and about our future allow us to be present to have the ability to step into our intended destiny. Those moments of darkness in our lives that lend to our self-image and handicap our opportunity to be hopeful about tomorrow can be reorganized so that they may become fuel for our present self.
(970) 825-0872 View (970) 825-0872
Photo of Tylor McGowan, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Tylor McGowan
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
Emotional Support, Personal Growth, Trauma/Crisis, Mental Health Concerns, Cultural/Identity issues, and Relationship (Family/Marital/Friends) Issues. In therapy, I can provide a supportive and neutral space to explore your feelings, concerns, and underlying issues. My role is to facilitate open communication, promote understanding, and assist you in making informed decisions about your future, whether in a relationship or individual. By creating a safe and nonjudgmental space, I can help you process your emotions, manage stress, improve communication skills, and develop goal oriented strategies.
Emotional Support, Personal Growth, Trauma/Crisis, Mental Health Concerns, Cultural/Identity issues, and Relationship (Family/Marital/Friends) Issues. In therapy, I can provide a supportive and neutral space to explore your feelings, concerns, and underlying issues. My role is to facilitate open communication, promote understanding, and assist you in making informed decisions about your future, whether in a relationship or individual. By creating a safe and nonjudgmental space, I can help you process your emotions, manage stress, improve communication skills, and develop goal oriented strategies.
(970) 616-8391 View (970) 616-8391
Photo of Chantel Landeros, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Chantel Landeros
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
We are not really taught what it takes to be in a healthy relationship. Honestly, most of us are winging it based the function or dysfunction that we saw from our parents without even realizing that is what we are doing. While most of us are doing our best in our relationships, without intentions or tools we can create habits and behaviors that end up causing disconnect and dissatisfaction with our partners. What if you could learn new tools to be able to feel connected? What if working through conflict didn't have to be a traumatic experience every time it came up?
We are not really taught what it takes to be in a healthy relationship. Honestly, most of us are winging it based the function or dysfunction that we saw from our parents without even realizing that is what we are doing. While most of us are doing our best in our relationships, without intentions or tools we can create habits and behaviors that end up causing disconnect and dissatisfaction with our partners. What if you could learn new tools to be able to feel connected? What if working through conflict didn't have to be a traumatic experience every time it came up?
(970) 500-3761 View (970) 500-3761
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 81505

40+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in 81505 who prioritize treating:

86% Depression
83% Anxiety
79% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
64% Grief
52% Life Transitions
50% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
94% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 81505 see their clients

79% In Person and Online
21% Online Only

Gender breakdown

73% Female
27% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 81505?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.

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