Therapists in Lowell, MA

Photo of Jose A Soto-Ponce, LMHC, Counselor
Jose A Soto-Ponce
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Lowell, MA 01851  (Online Only)
I am a counselor with more than 7 years of experience working with individuals that struggles with substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, trauma, anger issues, PTSD and self-esteem issues. Life tends to get difficult at times, however it is important to have a person that you can talk to about those issues without being judged or misunderstood. I am here to support you in a friendly and at times humoristic manner, and safe.
I am a counselor with more than 7 years of experience working with individuals that struggles with substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, trauma, anger issues, PTSD and self-esteem issues. Life tends to get difficult at times, however it is important to have a person that you can talk to about those issues without being judged or misunderstood. I am here to support you in a friendly and at times humoristic manner, and safe.
(978) 634-5592 View (978) 634-5592
Photo of Paul R Groff, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Paul R Groff
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01854
I am a client-centered, strength-based therapist with an eclectic approach to working with a wide range of emotional and behavioral issues. I support clients seeking individual or family therapy for issues of depression, anxiety, and trauma, to parenting support, and counseling for children and adolescents. My goal is to help you experience the joy of living by growing beyond present difficulties.
I am a client-centered, strength-based therapist with an eclectic approach to working with a wide range of emotional and behavioral issues. I support clients seeking individual or family therapy for issues of depression, anxiety, and trauma, to parenting support, and counseling for children and adolescents. My goal is to help you experience the joy of living by growing beyond present difficulties.
(603) 821-4153 View (603) 821-4153
Photo of Anna Wolen, LMHC, ATR, Counselor
Anna Wolen
Counselor, LMHC, ATR
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01851  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients-Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck in negative thought patterns? I believe that everyone deserves the opportunity to thrive emotionally and mentally. Together we can delve into your thoughts, feelings and behaviors, explore your symptoms and learn to manage them, so you can gain a clearer mind and learn tools to tackle life's challenges. I have experience working with college students, young professionals, adults and older adults who are struggling with issues such as anxiety, low self-esteem, relationship challenges, family dynamics and coping with the stressors of everyday life.
Accepting new clients-Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck in negative thought patterns? I believe that everyone deserves the opportunity to thrive emotionally and mentally. Together we can delve into your thoughts, feelings and behaviors, explore your symptoms and learn to manage them, so you can gain a clearer mind and learn tools to tackle life's challenges. I have experience working with college students, young professionals, adults and older adults who are struggling with issues such as anxiety, low self-esteem, relationship challenges, family dynamics and coping with the stressors of everyday life.
(978) 391-6193 View (978) 391-6193
Photo of Dametres Perkins, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dametres Perkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lowell, MA 01852
Not accepting new clients
People often don’t believe in therapy because they don’t believe they can change. Some people imagine their “ideal” self and feel that they are too far behind or too unstable to become that person. I do this work because I believe in people and I know they can change. My purpose as a therapist is to meet you wherever you are in your journey and create a safe, empowering space where we can work together as a team to move you closer toward your personal goals. This may mean processing past trauma, teaching you how to set better boundaries with people in your life, or helping you reframe your thinking about a current life change.
People often don’t believe in therapy because they don’t believe they can change. Some people imagine their “ideal” self and feel that they are too far behind or too unstable to become that person. I do this work because I believe in people and I know they can change. My purpose as a therapist is to meet you wherever you are in your journey and create a safe, empowering space where we can work together as a team to move you closer toward your personal goals. This may mean processing past trauma, teaching you how to set better boundaries with people in your life, or helping you reframe your thinking about a current life change.
(781) 394-9677 View (781) 394-9677
Photo of Ester Hernandez, LMHC, Counselor
Ester Hernandez
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01851  (Online Only)
I am a bilingual clinician fluent in Spanish and English. I have over 10 yrs of experience in the mental health field. I am a licensed mental health clinician who has a passion for assisting others in their time of need. I assist people who struggle with anxiety and depression as well as trauma. My goal when working with someone is to assist them with feeling comfortable so they can be their truest self. I hope the client feels like they can be transparent and honest and feel assured their is no judgment.
I am a bilingual clinician fluent in Spanish and English. I have over 10 yrs of experience in the mental health field. I am a licensed mental health clinician who has a passion for assisting others in their time of need. I assist people who struggle with anxiety and depression as well as trauma. My goal when working with someone is to assist them with feeling comfortable so they can be their truest self. I hope the client feels like they can be transparent and honest and feel assured their is no judgment.
(978) 705-0325 View (978) 705-0325
Photo of Dr. Casandra Jewel Clark Mazariegos - Healing Movement Psychedelic Psychotherapy , PsyD, LP, Psychologist
Healing Movement Psychedelic Psychotherapy
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01852
I am a Latinx bilingual licensed psychologist dedicated to supporting people from diverse cultural and economic background as they cultivate their own resilience building practices. I use my experience working with patients to determine how to best facilitate the development of a healthy mind/body. The human psyche is beautifully complicated. It can create for us moments of exhilarating joy and excruciating pain. The key to maximize joy and minimize pain is very different for each individual. It is important to have a wide range of resilience building practices to draw from in order to create individualized self-care plans.
I am a Latinx bilingual licensed psychologist dedicated to supporting people from diverse cultural and economic background as they cultivate their own resilience building practices. I use my experience working with patients to determine how to best facilitate the development of a healthy mind/body. The human psyche is beautifully complicated. It can create for us moments of exhilarating joy and excruciating pain. The key to maximize joy and minimize pain is very different for each individual. It is important to have a wide range of resilience building practices to draw from in order to create individualized self-care plans.
(651) 564-9006 View (651) 564-9006
Photo of Courtney M Speropolous, LMHC, LSWA, CAMS-11, Counselor
Courtney M Speropolous
Counselor, LMHC, LSWA, CAMS-11
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01852
Often times, life's waves produce times of emotional hardship marked by deep seated feelings of grief, sadness, confusion, depression, worry, and anxiety. Therapy is an opportunity to have the space, support, and safety to address the waves inherent in everyday life without judgment. If you are experiencing a life transition, a break-up, day-to-day parenting and relationship stress, or you are simply being haunted by past events or thoughts that don't seem to budge, therapy can provide an outlet to gain the insight, awareness, and relief you may be seeking.
Often times, life's waves produce times of emotional hardship marked by deep seated feelings of grief, sadness, confusion, depression, worry, and anxiety. Therapy is an opportunity to have the space, support, and safety to address the waves inherent in everyday life without judgment. If you are experiencing a life transition, a break-up, day-to-day parenting and relationship stress, or you are simply being haunted by past events or thoughts that don't seem to budge, therapy can provide an outlet to gain the insight, awareness, and relief you may be seeking.
(781) 493-8064 View (781) 493-8064
Photo of Nada Plooster, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nada Plooster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lowell, MA 01852  (Online Only)
Nada is an LDS therapist, although spirituality in all forms are welcome, who works with children, teens, and adults to address Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, depression, anxiety, panic, dissociative disorders, adjustment disorders, and eating disorders. Diagnoses are only one way to identify symptoms that causes suffering. Nada specializes in viewing challenges and struggles from the lens of how our brain and body process information, store experiences, and often trap the extreme beliefs, emotions and sensations associated with distressing experiences.
Nada is an LDS therapist, although spirituality in all forms are welcome, who works with children, teens, and adults to address Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, depression, anxiety, panic, dissociative disorders, adjustment disorders, and eating disorders. Diagnoses are only one way to identify symptoms that causes suffering. Nada specializes in viewing challenges and struggles from the lens of how our brain and body process information, store experiences, and often trap the extreme beliefs, emotions and sensations associated with distressing experiences.
(351) 300-4975 View (351) 300-4975
Photo of Nicole Frederick, LMHC, MT-BC, Counselor
Nicole Frederick
Counselor, LMHC, MT-BC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lowell, MA 01852  (Online Only)
Nicole provides individual therapy with teens and young adults who are ready to address trauma, anxiety, and adjustment to life's big change or troubles. Starting therapy can be daunting. Healing and growing is one thing, but sharing your story, secrets, and dreams with a stranger can be downright terrifying. Knowing this, Nicole leads with warmth, humor, and a nonjudgmental approach. The goal will be to explore the past to better understand the present. With that new understanding, you’ll learn and practice new tools and strategies in order to navigate life with purpose, intention, and fulfillment.
Nicole provides individual therapy with teens and young adults who are ready to address trauma, anxiety, and adjustment to life's big change or troubles. Starting therapy can be daunting. Healing and growing is one thing, but sharing your story, secrets, and dreams with a stranger can be downright terrifying. Knowing this, Nicole leads with warmth, humor, and a nonjudgmental approach. The goal will be to explore the past to better understand the present. With that new understanding, you’ll learn and practice new tools and strategies in order to navigate life with purpose, intention, and fulfillment.
(351) 200-5373 View (351) 200-5373
Photo of Mayumi Kimura, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mayumi Kimura
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lowell, MA 01852  (Online Only)
Mayumi is a proud US Navy Veteran and therapist who provides individual therapy with adults who are ready to address trauma, relationship challenges, anxiety, and life change. Are you genuinely curious about unhelpful patterns that seem to keep showing up in your life and relationships? Do you ask why you're such a people-pleaser, take things so personally, have trouble opening up, suffer from analysis paralysis, feel bad about setting boundaries or communicating your needs, etc, etc? Let's understand first and then learn new skills and strategies to break out of those cycles or even find ways to use them to your advantage.
Mayumi is a proud US Navy Veteran and therapist who provides individual therapy with adults who are ready to address trauma, relationship challenges, anxiety, and life change. Are you genuinely curious about unhelpful patterns that seem to keep showing up in your life and relationships? Do you ask why you're such a people-pleaser, take things so personally, have trouble opening up, suffer from analysis paralysis, feel bad about setting boundaries or communicating your needs, etc, etc? Let's understand first and then learn new skills and strategies to break out of those cycles or even find ways to use them to your advantage.
(857) 227-9365 View (857) 227-9365
Photo of Mary Clouter, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mary Clouter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01852  (Online Only)
Welcome. I’m very glad that you’ve stopped in to look at my profile. It’s a big step to think about asking for help and moving forward with that decision. You’ll bring your thoughts, feelings, and goals and I’ll add my education, training, and experiences so that we, as a team, can work together to help lessen your struggles. I work with children, adolescents, and adults from age 6 through adulthood. Some of the children that I see are currently in the foster care system.
Welcome. I’m very glad that you’ve stopped in to look at my profile. It’s a big step to think about asking for help and moving forward with that decision. You’ll bring your thoughts, feelings, and goals and I’ll add my education, training, and experiences so that we, as a team, can work together to help lessen your struggles. I work with children, adolescents, and adults from age 6 through adulthood. Some of the children that I see are currently in the foster care system.
(351) 444-5415 View (351) 444-5415
Photo of Katrina Harrigan, LMHC, Counselor
Katrina Harrigan
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01853  (Online Only)
I am a seasoned psychotherapist who provides initial diagnostic assessments, goal and treatment planning, as well as a variety of evidence-based practices based off the individuals’ needs. I am well versed in prescriptive psychotherapy where treatment is not a one-size-fits-all model, since people are more complex and intricate than meets the eye.
I am a seasoned psychotherapist who provides initial diagnostic assessments, goal and treatment planning, as well as a variety of evidence-based practices based off the individuals’ needs. I am well versed in prescriptive psychotherapy where treatment is not a one-size-fits-all model, since people are more complex and intricate than meets the eye.
(978) 432-5954 View (978) 432-5954
Photo of Michaela Robert, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michaela Robert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lowell, MA 01854  (Online Only)
You are the author of your life story. By being here you are taking the first step to change and write the next chapter of your life. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker that uses a client centered approach. This means, I believe you are the expert in your life. In session, I will provide a non-judgmental space to navigate through your challenges and dead ends.
You are the author of your life story. By being here you are taking the first step to change and write the next chapter of your life. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker that uses a client centered approach. This means, I believe you are the expert in your life. In session, I will provide a non-judgmental space to navigate through your challenges and dead ends.
(603) 207-3925 View (603) 207-3925
Photo of Kathy Davis-Gillette - Kathy Davis-Gillette, PhD, New Inspiration LLC, PhD, Psychologist
Kathy Davis-Gillette, PhD, New Inspiration LLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01852  (Online Only)
Joy. Self-Esteem. Confidence. Fulfillment. Do you ever feel as if something is missing in your Life––either as an individual or couple? If so, let’s join together and find the missing pieces. As a Team, we’ll take an objective look at your Life and your desires. Then we’ll put together a personal Action Plan that will show the way to a more complete and happier You! The possibilities are endless once you take the first step!
Joy. Self-Esteem. Confidence. Fulfillment. Do you ever feel as if something is missing in your Life––either as an individual or couple? If so, let’s join together and find the missing pieces. As a Team, we’ll take an objective look at your Life and your desires. Then we’ll put together a personal Action Plan that will show the way to a more complete and happier You! The possibilities are endless once you take the first step!
(339) 244-8207 View (339) 244-8207
Photo of Gerald Jean, PMHNP
Gerald Jean
PMHNP
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01852
Gerald, a seasoned and dedicated board-certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP-BC), boasts an extensive career spanning over three decades, during which he has passionately served diverse clientele across various settings. His primary focus lies in alleviating the burdens associated with mental health challenges, underscoring his commitment to fostering holistic well-being. With a mission to dismantle the stigmas enveloping mental health, Gerald strives to create a compassionate and understanding environment for his patients and their families.
Gerald, a seasoned and dedicated board-certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP-BC), boasts an extensive career spanning over three decades, during which he has passionately served diverse clientele across various settings. His primary focus lies in alleviating the burdens associated with mental health challenges, underscoring his commitment to fostering holistic well-being. With a mission to dismantle the stigmas enveloping mental health, Gerald strives to create a compassionate and understanding environment for his patients and their families.
(781) 650-2522 View (781) 650-2522
Photo of Jenna Forestal, Pre-Licensed Professional
Jenna Forestal
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01852
Taking that first step can be scary and I would love to be your guide. I am a master's level clinician with over 3 years experience working the clients ranging from age 4 to adulthood. I hold a master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Capella University. I have gained a great depth of knowledge and experience working with a wide range of clients. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, adjustment disorders, eating disorders, borderline personality, autism, adhd, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar, and relationship issues.
Taking that first step can be scary and I would love to be your guide. I am a master's level clinician with over 3 years experience working the clients ranging from age 4 to adulthood. I hold a master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Capella University. I have gained a great depth of knowledge and experience working with a wide range of clients. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, adjustment disorders, eating disorders, borderline personality, autism, adhd, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar, and relationship issues.
(978) 275-9444 View (978) 275-9444
Photo of Kaitlyn Milone, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Kaitlyn Milone
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01854  (Online Only)
Currently accepting new clients. Kaitlyn is a Licensed Clinician who earned a Master's degree from Southern New Hampshire University in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. With over 10 years of experience working in the mental health field, you can expect a direct but compassionate Integrative approach in therapy sessions. Kaitlyn has experience working in both low and high acute settings.
Currently accepting new clients. Kaitlyn is a Licensed Clinician who earned a Master's degree from Southern New Hampshire University in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. With over 10 years of experience working in the mental health field, you can expect a direct but compassionate Integrative approach in therapy sessions. Kaitlyn has experience working in both low and high acute settings.
(617) 362-4902 View (617) 362-4902
Photo of Dr. David Cuna - Cuna Wellness Center , DSW, MSW, LICSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cuna Wellness Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, MSW, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01852  (Online Only)
Dr. David Cuna's life story is a testament to the transformative power of perseverance, education, and compassion. Born in the remote Angolan village of Cuximane in Maquela do Zombo, Angola, he faced significant challenges early on. Growing up without basic amenities like electricity and clean water, his access to formal education was limited to the 4th grade. However, his unwavering determination and thirst for knowledge propelled him on a journey that would change his life and inspire others. He established the Cuna Wellness Center, a private clinical practice that allows him to impact the lives of others directly.
Dr. David Cuna's life story is a testament to the transformative power of perseverance, education, and compassion. Born in the remote Angolan village of Cuximane in Maquela do Zombo, Angola, he faced significant challenges early on. Growing up without basic amenities like electricity and clean water, his access to formal education was limited to the 4th grade. However, his unwavering determination and thirst for knowledge propelled him on a journey that would change his life and inspire others. He established the Cuna Wellness Center, a private clinical practice that allows him to impact the lives of others directly.
(978) 321-3917 View (978) 321-3917
Photo of Phylicia McDonald - Northeast Health Services - Lowell, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Northeast Health Services - Lowell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01851
Northeast Health Services is an outpatient mental health care provider dedicated to serving Massachusetts and the local area of Lowell. At our Lowell clinic we provide a broad array of services including psychotherapy, group therapy, child & adolescent therapy, child & adolescent psychiatry, adult psychiatry, medication management, and TMS therapy. TMS therapy, also known as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, is an effective, non-invasive, low-risk treatment that has shown success in treating major depressive disorder and other forms of treatment resistant depression.
Northeast Health Services is an outpatient mental health care provider dedicated to serving Massachusetts and the local area of Lowell. At our Lowell clinic we provide a broad array of services including psychotherapy, group therapy, child & adolescent therapy, child & adolescent psychiatry, adult psychiatry, medication management, and TMS therapy. TMS therapy, also known as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, is an effective, non-invasive, low-risk treatment that has shown success in treating major depressive disorder and other forms of treatment resistant depression.
(978) 645-3970 View (978) 645-3970
Photo of Bruce Proc, MS, MLS, MTS, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Bruce Proc
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, MLS, MTS
Verified Verified
Lowell, MA 01852
With a master’s degree in Addiction Counseling, Leadership, and Theological Studies, Bruce is equipped to assist individuals in renewing their capacity to become contributing members of society. Bruce currently holds one license and one certification: he is an independent level LADC practitioner with a state certification in problematic gambling (MA PGS).
With a master’s degree in Addiction Counseling, Leadership, and Theological Studies, Bruce is equipped to assist individuals in renewing their capacity to become contributing members of society. Bruce currently holds one license and one certification: he is an independent level LADC practitioner with a state certification in problematic gambling (MA PGS).
(781) 625-9493 View (781) 625-9493

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Lowell, MA

100+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Lowell, MA who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
88% Depression
73% Coping Skills
72% Trauma and PTSD
72% Stress
71% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% BlueCross and BlueShield
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
67% Harvard Pilgrim

How Therapists in Lowell, MA see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
24% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Lowell?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.

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