Therapists in Stratham, NH

Photo of Marcia Roche, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marcia Roche
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885
I believe we all find ourselves struggling at times in our lives and it’s helpful to be seen, heard and understood during these times. It is also my belief, in our current fast-paced society, that we are often conflicted with competing values and expectations, which tends to exacerbate our anxiety, sadness and frustration. In my practice with adolescents and adults, I have been privileged to witness amazing courage and vulnerability, as those who are in pain seek to better understand themselves and ultimately take better care of themselves. Although we cannot control many of the problems we face, or trauma we have endured,
I believe we all find ourselves struggling at times in our lives and it’s helpful to be seen, heard and understood during these times. It is also my belief, in our current fast-paced society, that we are often conflicted with competing values and expectations, which tends to exacerbate our anxiety, sadness and frustration. In my practice with adolescents and adults, I have been privileged to witness amazing courage and vulnerability, as those who are in pain seek to better understand themselves and ultimately take better care of themselves. Although we cannot control many of the problems we face, or trauma we have endured,
(603) 634-9399 x1 View (603) 634-9399 x1
Photo of Camber Olsen, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Camber Olsen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885
Not accepting new clients
Many of the individuals I work with find themselves feeling overwhelmed or trapped in self-defeating habit loops, hold negative beliefs about themselves, are experiencing post-traumatic stress, trouble coping with life's stressors and transitional phases, and issues of identity. Some have reached a point in which they can no longer accept life as it is and have decided that they want to make a change. Many others find that it is helpful to confide in someone regarding things they may have never before uttered out loud. My goal is to help my clients identify and achieve their goals and to be of service in any way that I can.
Many of the individuals I work with find themselves feeling overwhelmed or trapped in self-defeating habit loops, hold negative beliefs about themselves, are experiencing post-traumatic stress, trouble coping with life's stressors and transitional phases, and issues of identity. Some have reached a point in which they can no longer accept life as it is and have decided that they want to make a change. Many others find that it is helpful to confide in someone regarding things they may have never before uttered out loud. My goal is to help my clients identify and achieve their goals and to be of service in any way that I can.
(978) 307-8654 View (978) 307-8654
Photo of Hannah Nydegger, MS, MFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Hannah Nydegger
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Stratham, NH 03885
While pregnancy and motherhood can be a lovely time, for many, it can be one of the most challenging and painful experiences. Not everyone becomes pregnant in ideal relationships or living circumstances and this makes the experience that much harder. I am drawn to helping this community of mothers, particularly young mothers while helping them process their past traumas and the overall journey of becoming a mother. My goal is to help individuals become not only the healthiest mother she can be but the healthiest version of herself.
While pregnancy and motherhood can be a lovely time, for many, it can be one of the most challenging and painful experiences. Not everyone becomes pregnant in ideal relationships or living circumstances and this makes the experience that much harder. I am drawn to helping this community of mothers, particularly young mothers while helping them process their past traumas and the overall journey of becoming a mother. My goal is to help individuals become not only the healthiest mother she can be but the healthiest version of herself.
(603) 945-5192 x3 View (603) 945-5192 x3
Photo of Andrea Kelley - Andrea Kelley Counseling, LLC, LCMHC, Counselor
Andrea Kelley Counseling, LLC
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885  (Online Only)
If you are here, it’s likely because you are in some state of struggle. Perhaps you are considering therapy for the first time and you are uncertain what to expect. Or maybe you are returning to therapy with a different purpose or goal. In either case, it’s not uncommon to feel overwhelmed, uncomfortable, stuck or even defeated. However distressing your struggle may be, I suspect there is also a sense of hope… a feeling or wish that things could be better. That is where our work begins.
If you are here, it’s likely because you are in some state of struggle. Perhaps you are considering therapy for the first time and you are uncertain what to expect. Or maybe you are returning to therapy with a different purpose or goal. In either case, it’s not uncommon to feel overwhelmed, uncomfortable, stuck or even defeated. However distressing your struggle may be, I suspect there is also a sense of hope… a feeling or wish that things could be better. That is where our work begins.
(833) 442-4896 View (833) 442-4896
Photo of Nichole Terhune, MLADC , LCMHC, M Ed, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Nichole Terhune
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MLADC , LCMHC, M Ed
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I use a strengths-based approach to guide and challenge you through growth and healing. I offer a safe space for individuals to share and explore their journey. I empower people to trust themselves and learn to ride the waves of life with more confidence and strength. My approach provides individuals with healing through memories and experiences at their own pace. I also facilitate young and adolescent support groups.
I use a strengths-based approach to guide and challenge you through growth and healing. I offer a safe space for individuals to share and explore their journey. I empower people to trust themselves and learn to ride the waves of life with more confidence and strength. My approach provides individuals with healing through memories and experiences at their own pace. I also facilitate young and adolescent support groups.
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Photo of Kelsey Rees - Creative Minds Counseling, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Creative Minds Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Please note: Not accepting new clients a this time. I firmly believe that each of us holds valuable insights about our own lives. As a compassionate and highly skilled professional, my passion lies in the transformative potential of therapy. My goal is to offer exceptional and personalized care, specifically tailored to address the unique challenges you bring to our sessions.
Please note: Not accepting new clients a this time. I firmly believe that each of us holds valuable insights about our own lives. As a compassionate and highly skilled professional, my passion lies in the transformative potential of therapy. My goal is to offer exceptional and personalized care, specifically tailored to address the unique challenges you bring to our sessions.
(603) 288-1595 View (603) 288-1595
Photo of Anna Dufford - Anna Dufford - NOCD, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Anna Dufford - NOCD
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885  (Online Only)
Resolving OCD is about learning to be present with the discomfort that is a natural part of life. This isn’t just an OCD skill — it’s a quality-of-life skill. I'm here to support you in regaining your life. I will ask you to do hard things like challenging your obsessions and compulsions, in the service of empowering you to overcome OCD. At NOCD, my team and I provide personalized and effective specialized treatment for OCD and related conditions, such as BFRBs (including skin-picking, nail-biting, and hair-pulling). Our understanding of the nuances of these conditions enables us to diagnose and treat them properly.
Resolving OCD is about learning to be present with the discomfort that is a natural part of life. This isn’t just an OCD skill — it’s a quality-of-life skill. I'm here to support you in regaining your life. I will ask you to do hard things like challenging your obsessions and compulsions, in the service of empowering you to overcome OCD. At NOCD, my team and I provide personalized and effective specialized treatment for OCD and related conditions, such as BFRBs (including skin-picking, nail-biting, and hair-pulling). Our understanding of the nuances of these conditions enables us to diagnose and treat them properly.
(833) 657-4167 View (833) 657-4167
Photo of Janice Jewell - OneLife Group, LLC, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
OneLife Group, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, unhealthy ways of coping, a challenging circumstance, or loss of a sense of self that affects your day-to-day life, relationships, and ability to function at work or school? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, frustrated, or lost by the demands and pressures of life? Do you wonder if your life could be better? We understand that it can feel like there will never be freedom, things will never change, and our problems are too big - these feelings can be isolating and defeating. But there is HOPE because you were designed to heal.
Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, unhealthy ways of coping, a challenging circumstance, or loss of a sense of self that affects your day-to-day life, relationships, and ability to function at work or school? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, frustrated, or lost by the demands and pressures of life? Do you wonder if your life could be better? We understand that it can feel like there will never be freedom, things will never change, and our problems are too big - these feelings can be isolating and defeating. But there is HOPE because you were designed to heal.
(877) 450-3596 View (877) 450-3596
Photo of Natalie A Jacques, MS, LCMHC, Counselor
Natalie A Jacques
Counselor, MS, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885  (Online Only)
It's ok to start therapy just because you think you need a little extra help, even if you are usure of "why". Seeking therapy is a routine and preventive form of healthcare, like going to the dentist. A therapist is like a personal trainer for your mind and your relationships. Perhaps begin by identifying broad motives, your hopes, and your dreams. Consider that your heartfelt thoughts and feelings may be "I just want to be happy." or "I feel stuck" or even "I'm tired of merely going through the motions".
It's ok to start therapy just because you think you need a little extra help, even if you are usure of "why". Seeking therapy is a routine and preventive form of healthcare, like going to the dentist. A therapist is like a personal trainer for your mind and your relationships. Perhaps begin by identifying broad motives, your hopes, and your dreams. Consider that your heartfelt thoughts and feelings may be "I just want to be happy." or "I feel stuck" or even "I'm tired of merely going through the motions".
(603) 836-9097 View (603) 836-9097
Photo of Marcia Floden Nicoll, MEd, Counsel, Life
Marcia Floden Nicoll
MEd, Counsel, Life
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885
I believe that Life Skills Coaching is a proactive counseling approach which provides support, training, and tools to help individuals grow in their personal, professional and social lives. As a Life Skills Coach, I believe an interactive and comfortable professional environment provides my clients with the proper tools to address a variety of areas relevant to personal and professional development. My area of expertise is working with relationship issues, building self-esteem and confidence, the Sandwich Generation and anger issues. Helping clients create a healthy core self - creates change and growth in a positive way.
I believe that Life Skills Coaching is a proactive counseling approach which provides support, training, and tools to help individuals grow in their personal, professional and social lives. As a Life Skills Coach, I believe an interactive and comfortable professional environment provides my clients with the proper tools to address a variety of areas relevant to personal and professional development. My area of expertise is working with relationship issues, building self-esteem and confidence, the Sandwich Generation and anger issues. Helping clients create a healthy core self - creates change and growth in a positive way.
(603) 531-1580 View (603) 531-1580
Photo of Kevin James O'Connell - Center for Integral Wellness, MA, LCMHC, MLADC, MAC, Counselor
Center for Integral Wellness
Counselor, MA, LCMHC, MLADC, MAC
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885
Wouldn't it be nice to be in the presence of an authentic, genuine person that has the capacity to listen deeply to your unique concerns and facilitate an experience of being understood? -- A person that welcomes you as a unique individual and has the capacity to work with you in a collaborative and creative manner. I am experienced in creating the kind of relationship that allows you to feel comfortable and safe with just being yourself. Grounded with this intention, we co-create the space and trust required for improving the quality of your life and wellness.
Wouldn't it be nice to be in the presence of an authentic, genuine person that has the capacity to listen deeply to your unique concerns and facilitate an experience of being understood? -- A person that welcomes you as a unique individual and has the capacity to work with you in a collaborative and creative manner. I am experienced in creating the kind of relationship that allows you to feel comfortable and safe with just being yourself. Grounded with this intention, we co-create the space and trust required for improving the quality of your life and wellness.
(603) 505-4695 View (603) 505-4695
Photo of Philip A Meher - New England Anger Management - Rev. Philip Meher , MA, MEd, LCMHC, CAMT, Counselor
New England Anger Management - Rev. Philip Meher
Counselor, MA, MEd, LCMHC, CAMT
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885
As a clinical mental health professional, an Army Family Life Chaplain, VA therapist, and also a Christian ordained pastoral counselor (of 30+ years) I assist individuals in the community struggling with issues related to anxiety, depression, anger, grief, and trauma (PTSD). In addition to this I do marriage/couples therapy, pre-marital counseling, and spiritual/faith related counseling.
As a clinical mental health professional, an Army Family Life Chaplain, VA therapist, and also a Christian ordained pastoral counselor (of 30+ years) I assist individuals in the community struggling with issues related to anxiety, depression, anger, grief, and trauma (PTSD). In addition to this I do marriage/couples therapy, pre-marital counseling, and spiritual/faith related counseling.
(603) 736-7017 View (603) 736-7017
Photo of Alyssa Hamel, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alyssa Hamel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885
Not accepting new clients
It is my belief that we are all seeking answers as to why we are here and what our purpose is. The only way to find these answers is to identify our values, strengths, weaknesses and barriers and also address what makes us suffer. I believe in healing and nurturing the very aspects of ourselves that make us unique and believe that through changes and transitions we learn how resilient and powerful we really are . With consistent therapy, we are able to step back, reflect and plan for how to respond and endure challenges that arise in our lives while learning appropriate coping techniques and routines.
It is my belief that we are all seeking answers as to why we are here and what our purpose is. The only way to find these answers is to identify our values, strengths, weaknesses and barriers and also address what makes us suffer. I believe in healing and nurturing the very aspects of ourselves that make us unique and believe that through changes and transitions we learn how resilient and powerful we really are . With consistent therapy, we are able to step back, reflect and plan for how to respond and endure challenges that arise in our lives while learning appropriate coping techniques and routines.
(603) 704-4614 View (603) 704-4614
Photo of Richard Warren, PhD, Psychologist
Richard Warren
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885
Not accepting new clients
I am a clinical psychologist with over 25 years of experience. Working with adult and elderly clients, my focus is on developing a supportive, collaborative relationship in which my clients can better understand themselves, their emotions, and the sources of and solutions to their depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. My approach involves helping people develop new ways of dealing with their emotions and relationships and develop positive and meaningful approaches for navigating a wide range of life challenges and transitions.
I am a clinical psychologist with over 25 years of experience. Working with adult and elderly clients, my focus is on developing a supportive, collaborative relationship in which my clients can better understand themselves, their emotions, and the sources of and solutions to their depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. My approach involves helping people develop new ways of dealing with their emotions and relationships and develop positive and meaningful approaches for navigating a wide range of life challenges and transitions.
(617) 681-5135 View (617) 681-5135
Photo of Bernadette M. Blake, MA, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bernadette M. Blake
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LICSW
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885
Conveniently located in historic downtown Exeter, I am a clinician who enjoys working with adults going through major life transitions. Sometimes when a relationship ends, career decisions need to be made, or parenting becomes challenging, it helps to have extra support. Often transitions in life bring significant emotional changes and therapy can sort these out and help someone move forward.
Conveniently located in historic downtown Exeter, I am a clinician who enjoys working with adults going through major life transitions. Sometimes when a relationship ends, career decisions need to be made, or parenting becomes challenging, it helps to have extra support. Often transitions in life bring significant emotional changes and therapy can sort these out and help someone move forward.
(603) 606-9525 View (603) 606-9525
Photo of Jody Ransom, PsyD, PCC, Psychologist
Jody Ransom
Psychologist, PsyD, PCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Stratham, NH 03885  (Online Only)
Would you like to live your daily life in a way that feels more connected to and aligned with what matters most to you ? Would you prefer to be more accepting of your body and yourself? I offer Coaching and Psychological Services for those who would like to bring the practices of their daily lives into greater congruence with their deeply held values and aspirations, and also for those who would like to cultivate body acceptance and create balance with their eating and movement. I collaborate with clients to clarify their intentions and to create an atmosphere of acceptance and mindful awareness which facilitates positive change.
Would you like to live your daily life in a way that feels more connected to and aligned with what matters most to you ? Would you prefer to be more accepting of your body and yourself? I offer Coaching and Psychological Services for those who would like to bring the practices of their daily lives into greater congruence with their deeply held values and aspirations, and also for those who would like to cultivate body acceptance and create balance with their eating and movement. I collaborate with clients to clarify their intentions and to create an atmosphere of acceptance and mindful awareness which facilitates positive change.
(603) 952-4434 View (603) 952-4434
Photo of Marci Morris, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marci Morris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885
Everyone has the capacity to change. It is often the challenges of life stress, biology, and circumstances that keep us from becoming the person that we want to be. Therapy is a partnership and through mutual goal setting we can address the things that get in the way of your ability to do the things that are important to you. My professional experience has been with children and families and the challenges adults face as they create relationships or families of their own.
Everyone has the capacity to change. It is often the challenges of life stress, biology, and circumstances that keep us from becoming the person that we want to be. Therapy is a partnership and through mutual goal setting we can address the things that get in the way of your ability to do the things that are important to you. My professional experience has been with children and families and the challenges adults face as they create relationships or families of their own.
(603) 952-3284 View (603) 952-3284
Photo of Gonzalo Cedeño, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gonzalo Cedeño
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885  (Online Only)
Do you feel confused with where you want to go next in your life? Something from your past that keeps coming up and creating obstacles? Do you want to create some goals and work towards them? Let me help you get to know yourself better, identify coping skills, and help you find your power. With my help, we will get through whatever situation you’re struggling with, and together work towards a solution
Do you feel confused with where you want to go next in your life? Something from your past that keeps coming up and creating obstacles? Do you want to create some goals and work towards them? Let me help you get to know yourself better, identify coping skills, and help you find your power. With my help, we will get through whatever situation you’re struggling with, and together work towards a solution
(603) 661-6450 View (603) 661-6450
Photo of Rev. Steve Reddy, MA, CSD, CGE, Pastoral Counselor
Rev. Steve Reddy
Pastoral Counselor, MA, CSD, CGE
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885
My spiritual care practice is primarily centered on helping a person seeking spiritual help with life transitions caused by the death of a loved one and also grief around the loss of significant relationships. Sometimes, we can all feel off-center, which causes a distance from our true, authentic selves. Through conversation and reflection, I would like to help you on your journey of recovering your authentic self.
My spiritual care practice is primarily centered on helping a person seeking spiritual help with life transitions caused by the death of a loved one and also grief around the loss of significant relationships. Sometimes, we can all feel off-center, which causes a distance from our true, authentic selves. Through conversation and reflection, I would like to help you on your journey of recovering your authentic self.
(603) 207-3586 View (603) 207-3586
Photo of Lisa Boldin, MBA/MSW, LICSW, TCTSY-F, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa Boldin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MBA/MSW, LICSW, TCTSY-F
Verified Verified
Stratham, NH 03885
Here at Exeter Family Therapy, I believe in the practice of “listening with the ear of the heart”, recognizing the importance of each person’s story as the basis for healing. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a focus on working with those who have experienced trauma, I employ trauma informed practices grounded in creating safe relationships, cultivating a reflective process, & building on strengths & opportunities for self-empowerment. I help clients improve their relationships, increase self-awareness, manage challenges & navigate life transitions, by incorporating mindfulness & somatic awareness to support their process.
Here at Exeter Family Therapy, I believe in the practice of “listening with the ear of the heart”, recognizing the importance of each person’s story as the basis for healing. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a focus on working with those who have experienced trauma, I employ trauma informed practices grounded in creating safe relationships, cultivating a reflective process, & building on strengths & opportunities for self-empowerment. I help clients improve their relationships, increase self-awareness, manage challenges & navigate life transitions, by incorporating mindfulness & somatic awareness to support their process.
(603) 606-1233 x208 View (603) 606-1233 x208
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Stratham, NH

20+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Stratham, NH who prioritize treating:

85% Anxiety
78% Depression
67% Relationship Issues
56% Trauma and PTSD
56% Coping Skills
56% Self Esteem
56% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Cigna and Evernorth
67% Harvard Pilgrim
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Stratham, NH see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
26% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Stratham?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.

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