Therapists in Clackamas, OR

Photo of Megan Coggins - Life Discovery Counseling Services, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Life Discovery Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Clackamas, OR 97015
We are a Christian counseling group that seeks to provide current and effective psychotherapy services from a Biblical perspective. We are highly trained counselors who all hold personal Christian values and principles, integrating these into each session without judgment or forcing anything on our clients. Rather, we want to provide hope and guidance through the struggles our clients present.
We are a Christian counseling group that seeks to provide current and effective psychotherapy services from a Biblical perspective. We are highly trained counselors who all hold personal Christian values and principles, integrating these into each session without judgment or forcing anything on our clients. Rather, we want to provide hope and guidance through the struggles our clients present.
(971) 701-2159 x700 View (971) 701-2159 x700
Photo of Rebecca L Gay, MA
Rebecca L Gay
Professional Counselor Associate, MA
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015
I aim to provide relationally-based psychotherapy through effective interventions that honor the context of each client. My work has focused on individuals and relationships and the healing of trauma through relationally-based, trauma-informed therapy.
I aim to provide relationally-based psychotherapy through effective interventions that honor the context of each client. My work has focused on individuals and relationships and the healing of trauma through relationally-based, trauma-informed therapy.
(971) 247-1972 View (971) 247-1972
Photo of Wendy Jones, LCSW, CADCIII, SAP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Wendy Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADCIII, SAP
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015
I believe most of what people need, lie deep inside of themselves. However, it gets so scattered and splattered we have a hard time connecting the dots! Through a collaborative effort, I am here to help guide you in connecting the dots. And when need be, help bridge the gaps with resources and education to support your mental health goals. Often, people know what they "should" do, but don't or even can't. Together we will find solutions to get out of your own way- for a healthier and happier life.
I believe most of what people need, lie deep inside of themselves. However, it gets so scattered and splattered we have a hard time connecting the dots! Through a collaborative effort, I am here to help guide you in connecting the dots. And when need be, help bridge the gaps with resources and education to support your mental health goals. Often, people know what they "should" do, but don't or even can't. Together we will find solutions to get out of your own way- for a healthier and happier life.
(503) 867-7781 View (503) 867-7781
Photo of Judatha Kline, PhD, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Judatha Kline
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Clackamas, OR 97015
Waitlist for new clients
Are you often sad, stuck, angry, or anxious? Do to struggle with intrusive thoughts, hopelessness, alienation, constant fear, or bad dreams? Is your relationship in crisis? Through therapy, you can find relief, a new perspective, positive coping strategies, and a greater sense of well being. At Licensed Psychology Associates, I provide a confidential relationship and compassionate expertise for you to heal and grow through mental and emotional pain. I support you in tapping into your own capacity to recover and experience greater joy and compassion for yourself and others.
Are you often sad, stuck, angry, or anxious? Do to struggle with intrusive thoughts, hopelessness, alienation, constant fear, or bad dreams? Is your relationship in crisis? Through therapy, you can find relief, a new perspective, positive coping strategies, and a greater sense of well being. At Licensed Psychology Associates, I provide a confidential relationship and compassionate expertise for you to heal and grow through mental and emotional pain. I support you in tapping into your own capacity to recover and experience greater joy and compassion for yourself and others.
(503) 755-4965 View (503) 755-4965
Crossing Bridges Counseling Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCI
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015
Crossing Bridges Counseling Center (CBCC) is an outpatient mental health clinic that provides therapy and medications to individuals, families, and couples ages six and older. CBCC works with people who are having mental health challenges (i.e. depression, anxiety, relational difficulties, stress, disruptive behaviors, trauma responses) and strives to provide therapeutic support to assist clients in achieving client identified treatment goals. CBCC's therapists utilize a variety of interventions with their clients and aim to create a safe and non-judgmental environment where their clients can address and achieve their goals.
Crossing Bridges Counseling Center (CBCC) is an outpatient mental health clinic that provides therapy and medications to individuals, families, and couples ages six and older. CBCC works with people who are having mental health challenges (i.e. depression, anxiety, relational difficulties, stress, disruptive behaviors, trauma responses) and strives to provide therapeutic support to assist clients in achieving client identified treatment goals. CBCC's therapists utilize a variety of interventions with their clients and aim to create a safe and non-judgmental environment where their clients can address and achieve their goals.
(503) 427-1737 View (503) 427-1737
Photo of Christa Green, CSWA, MSW, QMHP, Pre-Licensed Professional
Christa Green
Pre-Licensed Professional, CSWA, MSW, QMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clackamas, OR 97015
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that therapy begins with hope. This means that change is possible and you are not stuck. I desire to both help you maintain hope and support the change process. I believe that you are capable, resilient, and worthy. This means that I operate from a strengths-based and solution-focused perspective. While it is helpful to determine the true challenge, we often tend to fixate on problems that we lose sight of the strengths and possible solutions that can help us navigate trials life brings. This also means that I desire to understand and connect with you in a way that helps you see yourself as capable and worthy.
I believe that therapy begins with hope. This means that change is possible and you are not stuck. I desire to both help you maintain hope and support the change process. I believe that you are capable, resilient, and worthy. This means that I operate from a strengths-based and solution-focused perspective. While it is helpful to determine the true challenge, we often tend to fixate on problems that we lose sight of the strengths and possible solutions that can help us navigate trials life brings. This also means that I desire to understand and connect with you in a way that helps you see yourself as capable and worthy.
(503) 874-6964 View (503) 874-6964
Photo of Teri Beemer - Teri Beemer LPC, LMHC Licensed Counselor, LPC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Teri Beemer LPC, LMHC Licensed Counselor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015
I provide counseling through confidential video conferencing (TeleHealth) and office based services. Our work together will produce results towards your desired goals. I use a variety of therapeutic techniques which will be tailored to your unique needs, with measurable results.
I provide counseling through confidential video conferencing (TeleHealth) and office based services. Our work together will produce results towards your desired goals. I use a variety of therapeutic techniques which will be tailored to your unique needs, with measurable results.
(503) 451-6146 View (503) 451-6146
Photo of Heide Amber Perry-Bringman - Barefoot And Balanced, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Barefoot And Balanced
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015  (Online Only)
At Barefoot And Balanced, we celebrate diversity and authenticity in a compassionate, supportive environment. Our team of trauma-informed, sex-positive, and gender-inclusive therapists is dedicated to meeting you where you are. Whether you're navigating personal challenges, seeking couple's therapy, or are a gender-expansive young adult, we're here to uplift and guide you toward a life of greater ease and fulfillment. Join us in creating a safe space for healing and growth.
At Barefoot And Balanced, we celebrate diversity and authenticity in a compassionate, supportive environment. Our team of trauma-informed, sex-positive, and gender-inclusive therapists is dedicated to meeting you where you are. Whether you're navigating personal challenges, seeking couple's therapy, or are a gender-expansive young adult, we're here to uplift and guide you toward a life of greater ease and fulfillment. Join us in creating a safe space for healing and growth.
(503) 868-2994 View (503) 868-2994
Photo of Heather Mangold, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Heather Mangold
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015  (Online Only)
Are you looking for a safe space to discuss your mental health? I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over a decade of experience in the mental health field. My style is warm, patient, and engaging while taking my client's lead. Connection and trust are huge in our work together.
Are you looking for a safe space to discuss your mental health? I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over a decade of experience in the mental health field. My style is warm, patient, and engaging while taking my client's lead. Connection and trust are huge in our work together.
(971) 306-8743 View (971) 306-8743
Photo of Natalya Haight, Pre-Licensed Professional
Natalya Haight
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015
My passions in therapy are anxiety, depression, grief, sexual wellness care, and working with the LGBTQ+ community. I have experience working with teenagers and adults. You may report that you are experiencing sleep issues, a decrease in appetite, racing thoughts, weight loss, struggling in school, hair loss, or panic attacks. Your goals could be wanting to see a decrease in your symptoms and finding better ways to be able to cope with stressors, develop healthy relationships, and learn how to hold healthy boundaries.
My passions in therapy are anxiety, depression, grief, sexual wellness care, and working with the LGBTQ+ community. I have experience working with teenagers and adults. You may report that you are experiencing sleep issues, a decrease in appetite, racing thoughts, weight loss, struggling in school, hair loss, or panic attacks. Your goals could be wanting to see a decrease in your symptoms and finding better ways to be able to cope with stressors, develop healthy relationships, and learn how to hold healthy boundaries.
(503) 451-6270 View (503) 451-6270
Photo of Katie Maher - Katie Maher Therapy, LLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katie Maher Therapy, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015
I recognize the unique strengths and resources within each family and individual, I aim to build on these assets to promote positive change and resilience. Through collaborative and empowering interventions, I seek to foster open communication and a sense of agency. By actively involving family members in the decision-making process, I strive to create a supportive and inclusive environment where everyone feels heard and valued. I draw upon evidence-based practices to tailor interventions to the specific needs of each child and family, addressing challenges such as trauma, communication breakdowns, or systemic issues.
I recognize the unique strengths and resources within each family and individual, I aim to build on these assets to promote positive change and resilience. Through collaborative and empowering interventions, I seek to foster open communication and a sense of agency. By actively involving family members in the decision-making process, I strive to create a supportive and inclusive environment where everyone feels heard and valued. I draw upon evidence-based practices to tailor interventions to the specific needs of each child and family, addressing challenges such as trauma, communication breakdowns, or systemic issues.
(503) 809-5225 View (503) 809-5225
Photo of Heather Taplett, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Heather Taplett
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015
I am currently providing telehealth appointments. Are you seeking therapy for yourself, your child, or marriage? Are you sad? Anxious? Are you worried about your teen? Are you having trouble in a romantic relationship? Have you recently experienced a loss? Whatever you are facing, you don't have to do it alone. I want join you in the process of healing and changing. Together, we will revisit the values that motivate you to pursue change and work to pursue your goals through experiences both in and out of session.
I am currently providing telehealth appointments. Are you seeking therapy for yourself, your child, or marriage? Are you sad? Anxious? Are you worried about your teen? Are you having trouble in a romantic relationship? Have you recently experienced a loss? Whatever you are facing, you don't have to do it alone. I want join you in the process of healing and changing. Together, we will revisit the values that motivate you to pursue change and work to pursue your goals through experiences both in and out of session.
(503) 616-2657 View (503) 616-2657
Photo of Avery Bill-Povidailo - Sanctuary Therapy Portland, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sanctuary Therapy Portland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015
I am currently accepting new OHP clients. I specialize in mindfulness and somatically based therapies, EMDR, and traditional talk therapy, both online and in-person. I am a certified Synergetic Play Therapist. Our relationship and compatibility is the foundation for productive therapy. The therapy process can yield positive growth and help you to gain insight, reduce your suffering, and enjoy life and relationships more by moving through discomfort rather than avoiding it. I believe that we can learn how to better regulate our emotions and our stressed out nervous systems, be less reactive, and experience lasting change.
I am currently accepting new OHP clients. I specialize in mindfulness and somatically based therapies, EMDR, and traditional talk therapy, both online and in-person. I am a certified Synergetic Play Therapist. Our relationship and compatibility is the foundation for productive therapy. The therapy process can yield positive growth and help you to gain insight, reduce your suffering, and enjoy life and relationships more by moving through discomfort rather than avoiding it. I believe that we can learn how to better regulate our emotions and our stressed out nervous systems, be less reactive, and experience lasting change.
(503) 461-6451 View (503) 461-6451
Photo of Ashley Vande Slunt - Hidden Trails Therapy, LMFT, CIMHP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Hidden Trails Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CIMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clackamas, OR 97015  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Do you find yourself struggling to find community, having difficulty managing stress, feeling overwhelmed, scattered, anxious, or burnt out? Perhaps you are a woman who's life looks good on the outside and yet on the inside you feel exhausted or unable to be in touch with your authentic self. You might continue to strive for endless perfection, find yourself feeling frustrated or never feeling 'good enough'; whether it's with your job, your relationship(s), or with yourself.
Do you find yourself struggling to find community, having difficulty managing stress, feeling overwhelmed, scattered, anxious, or burnt out? Perhaps you are a woman who's life looks good on the outside and yet on the inside you feel exhausted or unable to be in touch with your authentic self. You might continue to strive for endless perfection, find yourself feeling frustrated or never feeling 'good enough'; whether it's with your job, your relationship(s), or with yourself.
(971) 271-1875 View (971) 271-1875
Photo of Natalie (Nat) Day, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Natalie (Nat) Day
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Natalie (Nat) Day is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and graduated from Boise State University with a Masters in Social Work in 2018. Over the last decade she has worked in a variety of settings including residential treatment, on-campus college counseling, substance abuse treatment, inpatient psychiatric care, and community mental health. Specializing in the treatment of trauma, addictions, and sexuality (with special focus on kink/BDSM/sex work), her approach to therapy is eclectic, drawing on a variety of evidenced based practices.
Natalie (Nat) Day is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and graduated from Boise State University with a Masters in Social Work in 2018. Over the last decade she has worked in a variety of settings including residential treatment, on-campus college counseling, substance abuse treatment, inpatient psychiatric care, and community mental health. Specializing in the treatment of trauma, addictions, and sexuality (with special focus on kink/BDSM/sex work), her approach to therapy is eclectic, drawing on a variety of evidenced based practices.
(256) 813-9497 x2 View (256) 813-9497 x2
Photo of Heather Bartlemus, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Heather Bartlemus
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Clackamas, OR 97015  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Life is complex and struggles are inevitable so cultivating resilience to recover from life’s challenges is essential. Part of my role is to provide that safe and confidential space for authentic connection. I believe positive change is possible with compassion and encouragement. I endeavor to understand your story and help you to improve your overall well-being. I will collaborate with you to find solutions to the challenges you are facing. I tend to help those suffering from anxiety, depression, trauma, grief/losses as well as adjusting to major life transitions---relocations, relationship & career changes, & family cycles.
Life is complex and struggles are inevitable so cultivating resilience to recover from life’s challenges is essential. Part of my role is to provide that safe and confidential space for authentic connection. I believe positive change is possible with compassion and encouragement. I endeavor to understand your story and help you to improve your overall well-being. I will collaborate with you to find solutions to the challenges you are facing. I tend to help those suffering from anxiety, depression, trauma, grief/losses as well as adjusting to major life transitions---relocations, relationship & career changes, & family cycles.
(855) 339-4288 x2 View (855) 339-4288 x2
Photo of Ileana Villeda, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ileana Villeda
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015
Not accepting new clients
As a Bi-lingual/Bi-cultural Latina clinician I am passionate about working with BIPOC individuals and families that have been severely impacted by trauma and those that do not have the means or access to traditional health care. My desire is to work with a multicultural population that is looking to break free from the chains of cultural tradition and stigma associated to mental health. Taking a closer look at the mind, body and spirit allows me the opportunity to work from a holistic perspective and focus on the patient within it's environment as a whole.
As a Bi-lingual/Bi-cultural Latina clinician I am passionate about working with BIPOC individuals and families that have been severely impacted by trauma and those that do not have the means or access to traditional health care. My desire is to work with a multicultural population that is looking to break free from the chains of cultural tradition and stigma associated to mental health. Taking a closer look at the mind, body and spirit allows me the opportunity to work from a holistic perspective and focus on the patient within it's environment as a whole.
(503) 573-8662 View (503) 573-8662
Photo of Valentina Pishchanskaya-Cayanan, MS, LMFT, CIMHP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Valentina Pishchanskaya-Cayanan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, CIMHP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Clackamas, OR 97015  (Online Only)
As your individual therapist, I partner with you as you work through the challenges that may be impacting your life such as trauma, anxiety, stress, depression, family conflict, cultural/ethnic identity and stage of life issues. Together we will explore all aspects of wellness and work through the things that are getting in the way of you building the life you want.
As your individual therapist, I partner with you as you work through the challenges that may be impacting your life such as trauma, anxiety, stress, depression, family conflict, cultural/ethnic identity and stage of life issues. Together we will explore all aspects of wellness and work through the things that are getting in the way of you building the life you want.
(503) 486-3547 View (503) 486-3547
Photo of Haleigh Yurecko, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Haleigh Yurecko
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015
Waitlist for new clients
I have a passion working with youth and young adults, especially those that identify as LGBTQ+ so clients within these categories would be my ideal client. I have availability for clients ages 12 through 29. I want to help clients work through depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, stress, gender dysphoria, identity confusion, and trauma to improve their lives. I would love to help you make progress on your life goals and reduce the impact that your mental health has on your life.
I have a passion working with youth and young adults, especially those that identify as LGBTQ+ so clients within these categories would be my ideal client. I have availability for clients ages 12 through 29. I want to help clients work through depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, stress, gender dysphoria, identity confusion, and trauma to improve their lives. I would love to help you make progress on your life goals and reduce the impact that your mental health has on your life.
(503) 218-3650 View (503) 218-3650
Photo of Carol L. Clifton, Psychologist
Carol L. Clifton
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015
I have found that no single therapy works for everyone during my 20 years of treating trauma, depression, anxiety, phobias as well as doing marital therapy. While trained in traditional therapy, I have integrated mind-body therapies where appropriate since research indicates symptoms are stored in the body as well as in the mind. EMDR, Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, Tappas Accupressure Technique, Advanced Integrative Therapy, Thought Field Therapy, the Emotional Freedom Technique, and Healing from the Body Level Up are a few modalities I use along with cognitive restructuring and psycho-education. I work with each client to determine goals and treatment plans.
I have found that no single therapy works for everyone during my 20 years of treating trauma, depression, anxiety, phobias as well as doing marital therapy. While trained in traditional therapy, I have integrated mind-body therapies where appropriate since research indicates symptoms are stored in the body as well as in the mind. EMDR, Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, Tappas Accupressure Technique, Advanced Integrative Therapy, Thought Field Therapy, the Emotional Freedom Technique, and Healing from the Body Level Up are a few modalities I use along with cognitive restructuring and psycho-education. I work with each client to determine goals and treatment plans.
(971) 236-4051 View (971) 236-4051
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Clackamas, OR

100+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Clackamas, OR who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
82% Trauma and PTSD
80% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills
66% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% PacificSource
51% Aetna
49% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Clackamas, OR see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
24% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Clackamas?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.

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