Therapists in Forest Grove, OR

Photo of Candice Guillory, Pre-Licensed Professional
Candice Guillory
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Forest Grove, OR 97116
I believe that every person has the ability to work through tough situations and move towards a positive, well balanced life. I believe that clients are the experts in their lives and my role is to listen, learn, and provide support that allows them to problem solve, manage, and heal from their experiences.
I believe that every person has the ability to work through tough situations and move towards a positive, well balanced life. I believe that clients are the experts in their lives and my role is to listen, learn, and provide support that allows them to problem solve, manage, and heal from their experiences.
(775) 977-0276 View (775) 977-0276
Photo of Jasmine Arrusamy, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jasmine Arrusamy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Forest Grove, OR 97116
With my client-centered focus, I work hard to build a therapeutic relationship that creates a safe, comfortable, and non-judgmental space for clients to present themselves to their fullest potential. My priority is to guide and support each client in their journey to develop their sense of self-love, confidence, and peace of mind and body. Some of the issues I work with are parenting support, parent-child relationship issues, family conflict, anxiety, depression, behavioral issues at home/school, emotional dysregulation/outbursts, coping skills, life transitions, stress, teen violence and trauma.
With my client-centered focus, I work hard to build a therapeutic relationship that creates a safe, comfortable, and non-judgmental space for clients to present themselves to their fullest potential. My priority is to guide and support each client in their journey to develop their sense of self-love, confidence, and peace of mind and body. Some of the issues I work with are parenting support, parent-child relationship issues, family conflict, anxiety, depression, behavioral issues at home/school, emotional dysregulation/outbursts, coping skills, life transitions, stress, teen violence and trauma.
(971) 231-3213 View (971) 231-3213
Photo of Don Schweitzer, PhD, LMSW, CWP
Don Schweitzer
Licensed Master Social worker, PhD, LMSW, CWP
Verified Verified
Forest Grove, OR 97116  (Online Only)
My practice focuses on overall health and wellness, prioritizing a holistic approach and emphasizing the connection between the mind and body. My approach is client-centered with tailored wellness plans to meet your individual needs and goals with a focus on promoting overall well-being and self-care. Through a combination of mindfulness practices, counseling, and other techniques, I will help you cultivate a deeper understanding of yourself and your emotional needs, as well as help you develop skills to manage stress, anxiety, and improve your overall quality of life.
My practice focuses on overall health and wellness, prioritizing a holistic approach and emphasizing the connection between the mind and body. My approach is client-centered with tailored wellness plans to meet your individual needs and goals with a focus on promoting overall well-being and self-care. Through a combination of mindfulness practices, counseling, and other techniques, I will help you cultivate a deeper understanding of yourself and your emotional needs, as well as help you develop skills to manage stress, anxiety, and improve your overall quality of life.
(971) 414-3349 View (971) 414-3349
Photo of Reginald Gilmore, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Reginald Gilmore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Forest Grove, OR 97116  (Online Only)
At Gentle Giant Counseling, my priority is to create a warm, inclusive environment where you feel truly seen and understood. I know life’s challenges—like anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or major life transitions—can weigh heavily, especially when you belong to a marginalized community. I’m here to offer support to individuals from all walks of life, with a special focus on the BIPOC and LGBTQ+ communities. Together, we’ll work at a comfortable pace to heal, grow, and build the resilience needed to live a balanced, authentic life.
At Gentle Giant Counseling, my priority is to create a warm, inclusive environment where you feel truly seen and understood. I know life’s challenges—like anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or major life transitions—can weigh heavily, especially when you belong to a marginalized community. I’m here to offer support to individuals from all walks of life, with a special focus on the BIPOC and LGBTQ+ communities. Together, we’ll work at a comfortable pace to heal, grow, and build the resilience needed to live a balanced, authentic life.
(971) 260-3628 View (971) 260-3628
Photo of Angela Ritacca-Lovenguth, LPC, ATR, MA, BA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Angela Ritacca-Lovenguth
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR, MA, BA
Verified Verified
Forest Grove, OR 97116
Hi there, my name is Angela. I’m a licensed counselor and registered art therapist. Do you have some things you need to talk over or get help with in a professional setting? Therapy can be a great place to get support and help as you work through challenges. I’m ready to hear whatever you may need help with. I specialize in working with teens, parents, and adults. I am currently offering both telehealth and in person appointments. I have previously worked in outpatient clinics, a school and a hospital. With urgent concerns about yourself or a loved one, please contact the Washington County Crisis Line at (503)291-9111. Thank you!
Hi there, my name is Angela. I’m a licensed counselor and registered art therapist. Do you have some things you need to talk over or get help with in a professional setting? Therapy can be a great place to get support and help as you work through challenges. I’m ready to hear whatever you may need help with. I specialize in working with teens, parents, and adults. I am currently offering both telehealth and in person appointments. I have previously worked in outpatient clinics, a school and a hospital. With urgent concerns about yourself or a loved one, please contact the Washington County Crisis Line at (503)291-9111. Thank you!
(503) 746-9293 View (503) 746-9293
Photo of Troy Pound, MA, LPC, NCC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Troy Pound
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Forest Grove, OR 97116
What solution are you seeking? My goal is to help you reach your goals. As a husband, father to six kids, grandfather to six grandkids, mental health worker, and minister I bring a some life experience to the table. If nothing else I've learned we all need an encouraging voice from time to time. I look forward to traveling with you on the road to transformation.
What solution are you seeking? My goal is to help you reach your goals. As a husband, father to six kids, grandfather to six grandkids, mental health worker, and minister I bring a some life experience to the table. If nothing else I've learned we all need an encouraging voice from time to time. I look forward to traveling with you on the road to transformation.
(503) 214-2494 View (503) 214-2494
Photo of Stephanie Haugen, CSWA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stephanie Haugen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSWA
Verified Verified
Forest Grove, OR 97116
It can be difficult to find quality care when you're struggling. Anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, grief, anger, relationship issues, health problems and life transitions can be confusing, and I want to be the one to help you through it. I believe in evidence-based practice and working with the whole person to find balance again. If it feels like it has been a long time since you've been able to enjoy life, there is hope.
It can be difficult to find quality care when you're struggling. Anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, grief, anger, relationship issues, health problems and life transitions can be confusing, and I want to be the one to help you through it. I believe in evidence-based practice and working with the whole person to find balance again. If it feels like it has been a long time since you've been able to enjoy life, there is hope.
(503) 461-1782 View (503) 461-1782
Photo of Crystal Bartlett, LPC, CADC II, Licensed Professional Counselor
Crystal Bartlett
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CADC II
Verified Verified
Forest Grove, OR 97116
Our therapist-client relationship is one that relies on our shared wisdom. You are the expert in the subject area of you, while I bring therapeutic resources and my own lived experience.
Our therapist-client relationship is one that relies on our shared wisdom. You are the expert in the subject area of you, while I bring therapeutic resources and my own lived experience.
(503) 782-5760 View (503) 782-5760
Photo of Delila 'dee' Donaldson, LCSW
Delila 'dee' Donaldson
LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Forest Grove, OR 97116  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My ideal client is a BIPOCC person who is struggling with their mental health. A person who wants to feel better. WIth my background in trauma treatment combined with my experience as a licensed mental health provider, I can help. I like working with people that are in crisis, who want help now, and who just want to feel better. People of Color, People from other cultures, the oppressed, refugees, the displaced, the rejected, and all who are seeking to heal from the bad things that happen to us, you are welcome here. I am culturally focused provider with a Native Indian point of view and have helped many people feel better.
My ideal client is a BIPOCC person who is struggling with their mental health. A person who wants to feel better. WIth my background in trauma treatment combined with my experience as a licensed mental health provider, I can help. I like working with people that are in crisis, who want help now, and who just want to feel better. People of Color, People from other cultures, the oppressed, refugees, the displaced, the rejected, and all who are seeking to heal from the bad things that happen to us, you are welcome here. I am culturally focused provider with a Native Indian point of view and have helped many people feel better.
(503) 512-6935 View (503) 512-6935
Photo of Andrea Lorenz - Current Opening For Clinical Supervision, LPC, Counselor
Andrea Lorenz - Current Opening For Clinical Supervision
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Forest Grove, OR 97116
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor for 10+ years of experience in the mental health field. I am currently conducting clinical supervision to a practicum student in graduate school. She is available for in person or online for a cash price of $50/session for teens, adult women, and couples. Our inviting private practice setting focuses on relationship issues, lifestyle management & balance, and self-worth. We are here to support you as we walk together through education, mindfulness training and skill building to a place where implementing coping mechanisms and self-regulation improves inner happiness and relationships.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor for 10+ years of experience in the mental health field. I am currently conducting clinical supervision to a practicum student in graduate school. She is available for in person or online for a cash price of $50/session for teens, adult women, and couples. Our inviting private practice setting focuses on relationship issues, lifestyle management & balance, and self-worth. We are here to support you as we walk together through education, mindfulness training and skill building to a place where implementing coping mechanisms and self-regulation improves inner happiness and relationships.
(503) 447-8377 View (503) 447-8377
Photo of Breanna Munsell, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Breanna Munsell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Forest Grove, OR 97116
Welcome to a safe space where your journey towards mental and emotional well-being begins. As a dedicated mental health therapist, my primary focus is on fostering empathy and establishing a profound connection with each individual who walks through my door. Your unique experiences and struggles matter, and together, we will navigate the path to healing, growth, and resilience. Together, we'll navigate life's challenges, foster resilience, and unlock your full potential. Let's embark on this transformative path to healing and growth.
Welcome to a safe space where your journey towards mental and emotional well-being begins. As a dedicated mental health therapist, my primary focus is on fostering empathy and establishing a profound connection with each individual who walks through my door. Your unique experiences and struggles matter, and together, we will navigate the path to healing, growth, and resilience. Together, we'll navigate life's challenges, foster resilience, and unlock your full potential. Let's embark on this transformative path to healing and growth.
(458) 209-2652 View (458) 209-2652
Photo of Samuel W Gioia, LCSW, EdD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Samuel W Gioia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EdD
Verified Verified
Forest Grove, OR 97116
Are you stagnating in talk therapy? I bring thirty years of experience as a licensed social worker, helping people with many kinds of life problems. Besides client-centered talk therapy, I incorporate eye movement and imagery to help clients resolve trauma and move beyond barriers to growth. See acceleratedresolutiontherapy.com. Eye movement helps people when they are "stuck" in talk therapy, rapidly helping people to remove barriers to progress.
Are you stagnating in talk therapy? I bring thirty years of experience as a licensed social worker, helping people with many kinds of life problems. Besides client-centered talk therapy, I incorporate eye movement and imagery to help clients resolve trauma and move beyond barriers to growth. See acceleratedresolutiontherapy.com. Eye movement helps people when they are "stuck" in talk therapy, rapidly helping people to remove barriers to progress.
(503) 400-3723 View (503) 400-3723
Photo of Diana Strong - Diana Strong-Agency Has Immediate Openings!, Pre-Licensed Professional
Diana Strong-Agency Has Immediate Openings!
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Forest Grove, OR 97116
I have a deep-rooted passion for delivering empathetic therapy and counseling services to children and adolescents grappling with mental health challenges. Through my extensive background in mental health counseling, I foster trusting and non-judgmental therapeutic alliances with children, adolescents, and their families. I employ a range of therapeutic techniques to address her clients’ mental health concerns and facilitate transformative growth by guiding them in reshaping harmful behaviors and thought patterns.
I have a deep-rooted passion for delivering empathetic therapy and counseling services to children and adolescents grappling with mental health challenges. Through my extensive background in mental health counseling, I foster trusting and non-judgmental therapeutic alliances with children, adolescents, and their families. I employ a range of therapeutic techniques to address her clients’ mental health concerns and facilitate transformative growth by guiding them in reshaping harmful behaviors and thought patterns.
(971) 571-5732 View (971) 571-5732
Photo of Sahara Elizabeth Bunna - Sahara Bunna-Agency Has Immediate Openings!, LPC-A, MA, MBA, LPC Intern
Sahara Bunna-Agency Has Immediate Openings!
LPC Intern, LPC-A, MA, MBA
Verified Verified
Forest Grove, OR 97116  (Online Only)
I am a dedicated therapist committed to providing a safe, supportive environment where clients can explore challenges and achieve growth. My approach is empathetic and collaborative, focused on empowering individuals to understand their experiences, develop healthy coping strategies, and reach their full potential.
I am a dedicated therapist committed to providing a safe, supportive environment where clients can explore challenges and achieve growth. My approach is empathetic and collaborative, focused on empowering individuals to understand their experiences, develop healthy coping strategies, and reach their full potential.
(971) 265-6724 View (971) 265-6724
Photo of Tonya Boyd, PsyD, Psychologist
Tonya Boyd
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Forest Grove, OR 97116
As a therapist, my goal is multifaceted. I want to help you develop an expanded awareness of your deeply held values and beliefs, show you the path to healing your past wounds, provide you with tools to skillfully face life's challenges, and assist you in developing the courage to live with authenticity and purpose. I bring a warm, genuine, and compassionate approach to the work I work with adults, couples, and groups. I use a variety of approaches, strategies, and tools, each tailored to the individual needs of my clients.
As a therapist, my goal is multifaceted. I want to help you develop an expanded awareness of your deeply held values and beliefs, show you the path to healing your past wounds, provide you with tools to skillfully face life's challenges, and assist you in developing the courage to live with authenticity and purpose. I bring a warm, genuine, and compassionate approach to the work I work with adults, couples, and groups. I use a variety of approaches, strategies, and tools, each tailored to the individual needs of my clients.
(503) 917-3417 View (503) 917-3417
Photo of Lauren Dahl, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lauren Dahl
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Forest Grove, OR 97116
Not accepting new clients
I believe that a healthy outlook comes from having a good grasp of your ABC's... Accept, Balance, Cope. People often say things like, "I need to let it go," or "I need to forgive ...," etc. But we rarely talk about what it means to do that. Those phrases mean accepting that life is what it is-a balance of both good and bad-and making a choice to focus on the things we CAN change. Then "it" can stop directing our lives-we cope. Whether you need to let go of anger, fear, or sadness, I can help!
I believe that a healthy outlook comes from having a good grasp of your ABC's... Accept, Balance, Cope. People often say things like, "I need to let it go," or "I need to forgive ...," etc. But we rarely talk about what it means to do that. Those phrases mean accepting that life is what it is-a balance of both good and bad-and making a choice to focus on the things we CAN change. Then "it" can stop directing our lives-we cope. Whether you need to let go of anger, fear, or sadness, I can help!
(503) 352-7806 View (503) 352-7806
Photo of Julie Ann Larkin - Epiphany Counseling LLC, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Epiphany Counseling LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Forest Grove, OR 97116
Not accepting new clients
Your strengths identify who you are. Your unique needs can be addressed in a safe, collaborative environment where you can learn to communicate in ways that help you get your needs met in relationships. Anxiety and negativity can prevent you from engaging with others effectively. Learning about your needs and becoming aware of your thinking patterns is crucial. You can overcome insecurities by contacting me for support and insight for the concerns you have about your life.
Your strengths identify who you are. Your unique needs can be addressed in a safe, collaborative environment where you can learn to communicate in ways that help you get your needs met in relationships. Anxiety and negativity can prevent you from engaging with others effectively. Learning about your needs and becoming aware of your thinking patterns is crucial. You can overcome insecurities by contacting me for support and insight for the concerns you have about your life.
(503) 917-0126 View (503) 917-0126
Photo of Lydia M Radke, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lydia M Radke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Forest Grove, OR 97116
Not accepting new clients
Currently not accepting new clients. When available again, I accept Cigna/Evernorth insurance or out of pocket payments. You may struggle with the impact of trauma, difficulty in relationships, life transitions, or need to process what life brings. At SanaVita, we believe healing is unique to each person and embrace the many ways we can access a better life for ourselves and those around us. This may be one-on-one counseling, a solitary walk on a wooded path, enjoying the beauty of a garden or a sunset, learning new things, creating art, making music, or connecting with animals, and people. What does healing look like for you?
Currently not accepting new clients. When available again, I accept Cigna/Evernorth insurance or out of pocket payments. You may struggle with the impact of trauma, difficulty in relationships, life transitions, or need to process what life brings. At SanaVita, we believe healing is unique to each person and embrace the many ways we can access a better life for ourselves and those around us. This may be one-on-one counseling, a solitary walk on a wooded path, enjoying the beauty of a garden or a sunset, learning new things, creating art, making music, or connecting with animals, and people. What does healing look like for you?
(971) 273-5599 View (971) 273-5599
Photo of Delila Donaldson - All Tribes Mental Health Svcs, Inc., LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
All Tribes Mental Health Svcs, Inc.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Forest Grove, OR 97116  (Online Only)
We are a 501 (c) 3 Nonprofit Mental Health Services agency open to All Colors, All Cultures, & All Tribes. The oppressed, discriminated, and assimilated are welcome. BIPOCC (Black, Indigenous, and Peoples of other Colors and Cultures), You matter to us. All Tribes offers culturally focused, client centered BIPOCC treatment providers in your area, with the goal being to help people feel better again. We are offering Individual, couples, and family therapy through telehealth. It is possible to heal and to feel better.
We are a 501 (c) 3 Nonprofit Mental Health Services agency open to All Colors, All Cultures, & All Tribes. The oppressed, discriminated, and assimilated are welcome. BIPOCC (Black, Indigenous, and Peoples of other Colors and Cultures), You matter to us. All Tribes offers culturally focused, client centered BIPOCC treatment providers in your area, with the goal being to help people feel better again. We are offering Individual, couples, and family therapy through telehealth. It is possible to heal and to feel better.
(541) 348-8097 View (541) 348-8097
Photo of Camille Keith, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Camille Keith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Forest Grove, OR 97116  (Online Only)
Are you tired of feeling overwhelmed and stressed out? Trying to take care of everyone and everything in your life is exhausting! You may be a helping professional feeling burned out at work. Or maybe you are feeling pulled into a helper role for your aging parents. You may be navigating changes in your relationships and want support improving your boundaries. You want to feel more like yourself again so you can feel more confident in the choices you are making. Whether you are a family caregiver or professional helper, you are allowed to make time for yourself. Counseling is your opportunity to reconnect with yourself.
Are you tired of feeling overwhelmed and stressed out? Trying to take care of everyone and everything in your life is exhausting! You may be a helping professional feeling burned out at work. Or maybe you are feeling pulled into a helper role for your aging parents. You may be navigating changes in your relationships and want support improving your boundaries. You want to feel more like yourself again so you can feel more confident in the choices you are making. Whether you are a family caregiver or professional helper, you are allowed to make time for yourself. Counseling is your opportunity to reconnect with yourself.
(971) 703-5753 View (971) 703-5753
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See more therapy options for Forest Grove

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Forest Grove, OR

20+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Forest Grove, OR who prioritize treating:

96% Depression
92% Anxiety
76% Self Esteem
76% Life Transitions
72% Trauma and PTSD
72% Stress
68% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Providence
45% Cigna and Evernorth
40% Aetna

How Therapists in Forest Grove, OR see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
18% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Forest Grove?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.

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