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Know the score

Where to start in classical music: a brief overview of the life and work of some of today’s best known composers

  • 1216 Portrait of Ethel Smyth<br>PBBHMT 1216 Portrait of Ethel Smyth

    Without Ethel Smyth and classical music's forgotten women, we only tell half the story

    Leah Broad
    Expanding the classical canon brings us incredible music and extraordinary stories, not least that of Ethel Smyth, whose compositions and pioneering energy filled England in the interwar years
  • Composite image showing Arnold Schoenberg, Claudio Monteverdi and John Adams.

    From Vivaldi to Vaughan Williams: more musical voices who have changed our world

    Over the past few months, our Know the Score series introduced 20 great composers. But what of the many we couldn’t write about? Martin Kettle suggests some other names whose music is well worth exploring
  • Understood the expressive power of the human voice ... Richard Strauss (1864-1949).

    Richard Strauss: where to start with his music

    For the last of this series, we turn to one of the greatest of all composers for the human voice, a man who lived through the Third Reich and two world wars, and whose gorgeously expressive music helped create one of cinema’s most famous moments
  • Antonín Dvořák

    Dvořák: where to start with his music

    The Czech composer found inspiration in the New Worlds of the US, and his music has been to the moon, but it was in his native Bohemia that his heart lay.
  • Portrait of GF Handel by Balthasar Denner, circa 1726.

    Handel: where to start with his music

    Hallelujah! This week, the composer whose music illuminated Georgian London, and who refined the art of bringing emotion alive in works that still resonate for us today
  • Edward Elgar at his desk in Severn House, Hampstead, London.

    Elgar: where to start with his music

    From the elegiac Nimrod to the poignant Cello Concerto and his magnificent choral works, there is far more to this British composer than pomp and circumstance
  • Reproduction of Tchaikovsky's Portrait 1893 by Kuznetsov from the collection of the Tretyakov State Gallery in Moscow<br>B9PTEG Reproduction of Tchaikovsky s Portrait 1893 by Kuznetsov from the collection of the Tretyakov State Gallery in Moscow

    Tchaikovsky: where to start with his music

    This week we turn to the Russian composer who poured his passion and his pain into a body of works - from ballets to symphonies - that put his country on the international musical map
  • Austria, Vienna, Portrait of Franz Joseph Haydn, Color print<br>UNSPECIFIED - CIRCA 1986: Austria - 18th century. Portrait of Franz Joseph Haydn (Rohrau, 1732 - Vienna 1809). Color print. (Photo By DEA / A. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini via Getty Images)

    Haydn: where to start with his music

    Humorous, earnest, prolific and always deeply humane, the Austrian composer is credited with inventing the symphony and the string quartet. Even if that’s not strictly true, his creativity shaped western classical music
  • Claude Debussy (1862-1918), French composer. A print from Les Musiciens Celebres, Lucien Mazenod, Paris, 1948. (Colorised black and white print). Artist Nadar. (Photo by The Print Collector/Getty Images)

    Debussy: where to start with his music

    He created a new world of ravishing instrumental colour and constantly shifting sensations and images. He brought new breath to the art of music, said Boulez. Did modern music start with Debussy?
  • Austria, Vienna, Portrait of Franz Peter Schubert in Viennese Countryside<br>UNSPECIFIED - CIRCA 1986: Austria - 19th century. Portrait of Franz Peter Schubert (Vienna, 1797-1828) in the Viennese Countryside. (Photo By DEA / A. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)

    Schubert: where to start with his music

    The most poetic musician who ever lived? It’s hard to disagree with Liszt’s appraisal of Schubert, who, in his short life, used his astonishing gift for melodic and harmonic invention to create many enduring masterpieces
  • Dmitri Shostakovich<br>(Eingeschränkte Rechte für bestimmte redaktionelle Kunden in Deutschland. Limited rights for specific editorial clients in Germany.) *25.09.1906-09.08.1975+Soviet Russian composer and pianist- around 1954 (Photo by ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images)

    Shostakovich: where to start with his music

    In the eye of Russia’s revolutionary storm, he wrote some of the most powerful – and cryptic – music of the 20th century. Whether he is judged a Soviet lackey or heroic dissident, the wealth of his musical legacy is beyond doubt
  • Benjamin Britten on Aldeburgh beach in Suffolk.

    Britten: where to start with his music

    The man who put British opera on an international stage and changed the UK’s musical map for ever, his pacifism and his sense of being an outsider inspired much of his most memorable writing
  • Jean Sibelius

    Sibelius: where to start with his music

    His music is seeped in the myths and the natural marvels of his homeland and helped articulate the struggle for Finnish independence, but it is his seven symphonies that confirmed his place as one of the most original symphonic composers since Beethoven
  • Statue of JS Bach in the courtyard of St Thomas Church in Leipzig, Germany, where he was organist and musical director.

    JS Bach: where to start with his music

    With religious music so involving he could inspire faith in non-believers, the German composer’s sense of harmony makes him a shared reference point for all classical composers
  • Chopin in a painting by Polish artist Wojciech Weiss, made in 1899.

    Chopin: where to start with his music

    He composed nothing that did not involve a piano and died tragically young. Yet the Polish composer’s imagination and melodic beauty left a huge imprint on music – just ask Barry Manilow
  • Johannes Martin Kranzle and Allan Clayton in Die Meistersinger Von Nurnberg by Richard Wagner at the Royal Opera House in 2017

    Wagner: where to start with his music

    The German composer was the most influential musician of his era after Beethoven, reinventing opera and leading the way to musical modernism – yet his music’s association with the Third Reich leaves him with a complex legacy
  • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart<br>UNSPECIFIED - CIRCA 2003: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) as a child at the harpsichord. Painting by Joseph-Siffred Duplessis (1725-1802). Paris, Musée Du Louvre (Photo by DeAgostini/Getty Images)

    Mozart: where to start with his music

    He was a child prodigy who excelled in every genre to which he turned his hand, his music combining melodic beauty and the most daring formal perfection – all coloured by his remarkable gift for emotional ambiguity
  • ‘A symphony must be like the world’ … a young Gustav Mahler.

    Mahler: where to start with his music

    Conceived on a massive scale, Gustav Mahler’s seismic symphonies draw on the folk poetry of his native Bohemia and include the longest ever written by a major composer
  • The rite stuff ... Igor Stravinsky.

    Stravinsky: where to start with his music

    His music started a riot and was chosen by Disney to create the world. He collaborated with Picasso and Auden and influenced composers from Boulez to Tavener. Twentieth-century music is unimaginable without Stravinsky
  • Giuseppe Verdi<br>Copy from postal card of Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901). (Photo by Time Life Pictures/Mansell/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images)

    Verdi: where to start with his music

    This week we turn to the Shakespeare of opera, a composer whose glorious gift for melodies and compassionate gaze celebrates life in all its variety
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