LFP vs Lithium Ions: A takeover in electrical vehicle (EV) manufacturing
Before Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries, nickel based, lithium ion (Li-ions) batteries were widely used in EV manufacturing. These nickel based batteries offered the best combination of speed, power, and energy density, in a single unit. LFP batteries differ from Li-ions, in that they are made with iron (Fe) phosphate bonds, instead of nickel-cobalt.
Despite the fast charging abilities, and power outputs of lithium ion batteries, it seems the disadvantages of these batteries can’t be overlooked by big players in EV manufacturing. The majority of EV manufacturers in the Chinese market use LFP batteries, and Tesla has been moving away from lithium ion to LFP batteries since 2020.
This can be explained by the more expensive manufacturing process of Li-ion batteries. These batteries require cobalt, a scarce raw material, that must be sourced overseas, making it an expensive process for most manufacturers. Additionally, the lower heat threshold of Li-ion batteries, and its ability to produce its own oxygen source, means these batteries degrade quickly in high voltage and heat, and are more prone to fire.
LFP batteries solve these issues for manufacturers. They are cheaper to source and produce locally. Evidently, cheaper manufacturing makes a more affordable product for a wider group of customers. Likewise, LFP batteries have a slower degradation rate, and higher heat endurance, because of its stronger phosphate bonds. They also have longer charge cycles, meaning they can be charged from 0 to 100 more times than nickel based lithium ion batteries.
However, the trade off is that LFP batteries offer 30% less power than lithium ion batteries. For the same level of output as a nickel based lithium ion battery, manufactures would require more LFP battery units, i.e heavier hardware.
In the case of LFP and Lithium ion batteries, the question seems to come down to slow and steady, or fast and furious. Tell us what you think in the comments?
Credit: Liz Najamn, Researcher @Recurrent