American Enterprise Institute’s Post

A 3-minute oral history of Pennsylvania Mutiny on June 20, 1783, making it A Day To Remember courtesy of University of Central Oklahoma Listen on #Spotify https://lnkd.in/g7f58HAG Listen on #applepodcast https://lnkd.in/gz6GAtrz The American Revolution was ending. The Patriots had won their freedom from Britain. By late spring of 1783, it was clear that the new United States of America was its own nation—and a nation with many problems still to solve. The government, still meeting at the state house in Philadelphia, was broke, and many soldiers of the Continental Army had not been paid. In mid-June, a group of nearly 400 soldiers threatened to physically act against Congress if they weren’t paid for their service. Congress…ignored them. On June 20, 1783, the soldiers barricaded the Congressmen inside the building, and demanded their money. Alexander Hamilton convinced the men to let Congress out of the building, promising that he would work on getting their pay. But when the crowd dispersed, Congress asked the Pennsylvania state militia to protect them from the angry mob. The Pennsylvania Executive Council declined to intervene, fearful of the situation getting out of control. Two days later, with the soldiers still protesting, Congress left town early in the morning. They moved the capitol to Princeton, New Jersey, then Annapolis, Maryland, and finally, New York City. The Pennsylvania Mutiny was very much on the minds of the delegates when they returned to Philadelphia a few years later, to create a constitution to govern the new nation. Because of the mutiny of 1783, the constitution specified that the government would be located in its own “Federal District,” so that the federal government would never again have to ask an individual state to protect it. Congress left Philadelphia for good in 1800, relocating in the newly created District of Columbia. #History #June20 #americanrevolution #independencehall #continentalarmy #mutiny Photo: The old Pennsylvania State House, now known as Independence Hall.

This article from FORVIS breaks down South Carolina Senate Bill 298 and offers observations and potential impacts. Read the details here.

This article from FORVIS breaks down South Carolina Senate Bill 298 and offers observations and potential impacts. Read the details here.

This article from FORVIS breaks down South Carolina Senate Bill 298 and offers observations and potential impacts. Read the details here.

This article from FORVIS breaks down South Carolina Senate Bill 298 and offers observations and potential impacts. Read the details here.

This article from FORVIS breaks down South Carolina Senate Bill 298 and offers observations and potential impacts. Read the details here.

Another example of why higher education needs real, meaningful reform. Targeting marginalized communities and eliminating DEI initiatives won’t address the deeper issues at hand. We’re facing a moral rot among administrators, shielded by trustees chosen more for their connections or wealth than their commitment to change. It’s time for real accountability and action. Cookies and kindness won’t fix systemic problems. What we need is courage, honesty, and a genuine commitment to creating an inclusive future where everyone can thrive. #highereducation #leadership #reform Inside Higher Ed

#politics #unitedstates America, with its Ivy League, and George Washington having attended the graduation ceremony at the Andover Academy in Massachusetts, is modeled after the Roman republic to groom its elite ruling class, with the private prep schools serving as feeders to the Ivy League, though Thomas Jefferson believed the Revolution belonged to the people and preferred more local governance. In the United States, the House of Representatives is more representative of the common people, while the Senate is akin to the Roman Senate, filled early in our history by appointment and since 1913 after the XVII Amendment to the Constitution, the same year the #federalreserve and income tax were instituted, by direct popular election as the House. United States of America became a ‘constitutional representative democratic republic’ in 1913 from its origins as a republic run by the elites as Rome was. The ongoing public debate is still nearly entirely between the conservatives and liberals within the Ivy League educated elites, whether that be the ilk of the Kennedys, Clintons, John Kerry, and Obamas on the left or the Bushes and now Trump on the right. Those who did not belong in this group always faced great resistance in American politics, including Joe Biden. Even Ronald Reagan, the commoner, needed his elite rival George H. W. Bush. It is indeed up to we the American people to keep the republic as Franklin said. This means American elitism has now come to a head in its dialog with the people because the elites can be overthrown if the people do not genuinely feel cared for. Donald Trump, the fascist third rail among the establishment elites, cannot take the people for a ride by blaming the traditional political left and right elites for the people’s woes, by demagoging the people treating them as the Roman mob to turn the country into an ochlocracy, a state run by the mob, as he attempted to do on January 06, 2021. How the people ought to be cared for is ripe for the next stage of evolution as it did in 1913, more than a century ago, as technology evolves, coming closer to Athenian direct democracy and moving away from Rome, with the people wanting to be more involved in their governance as the Plymouth puritans directly were. Harvard University was established in 1636 for the Puritans to educate their children in piety to learn to directly govern themselves when they broke away from the British Court of King James I much as Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and his later letter to the Danbury Baptists in favor of freedom of worship without state interference did for the establishment of United States of America in 1776. Americans are no longer interested in putting up with elitism, left, right, or fascist, because it has all failed.

Once George Washington is elected to the executive branch, a new and important topic is considered. What title do you give an elected leader of the executive branch of a new government? We take it forgranted that he was our first president, a word that simply means someone who presides over a group. However in 1789, the use of the term for someone presiding over a country was wholly inventive. It was James Madison who suggested the title, a simple title reflective of the reasoned constitutional framework he had largely developed. However, Madison wasn’t the only one making suggestions. John Adams, who now led the new Senate, recommended a title with a little more flourish: “His Highness the President of the United States of America and Protector of Their Liberties.” It was a title borrowing from an older framework of government, which Madison detested, and it was, frankly, too damn long. Let us pause on this moment in history and consider what excluding the words “His Highness” meant at a time when our fledgling government was in urgent need of leadership. Adams was placing emphasis on Washington’s position over the states. Madison was presenting a new vision for what leadership, under a federal democratic republic, looks like. Simple and cooperative; not reigning supreme. It was choices like this, easily overlooked today, that defined America. Imagine a world, then ruled by monarchs, dictators, and tyrants, learning of this newly elected head of government who merely presides over the people. Choosing the simple title of “president” sent a message around the world that these United States were working of their own free-will under a constitution fashioned by reason, voted in by a representative democratic process. It was new and exciting and terribly fragile, but in the end, it worked.

February 4, 1861 - States Meet to Form Confederacy In Montgomery, Alabama, delegates from South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia and Louisiana convene in Montgomery, Alabama to establish the Confederate States of America. As early as 1858, the ongoing conflict between the North and the South over the issue of slavery led Southern leadership to discuss a unified separation from the United States. By 1860, the majority of the slave states were publicly threatening secession if the Republicans, the anti-slavery party, won the presidency. Following Republican Abraham Lincoln’s victory over the divided Democratic Party in November 1860, South Carolina immediately initiated secession proceedings. On December 20, its legislature passed the “Ordinance of Secession,” which declared that “the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states, under the name of the United States of America, is hereby dissolved.” After the declaration, South Carolina set about seizing forts, arsenals and other strategic locations within the state. Within six weeks, five more Southern states had followed South Carolina’s lead. In February 1861, representatives from the six seceded states met in Montgomery, Alabama, to formally establish a unified government, which they named the Confederate States of America. On February 9, Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected the Confederacy’s first president. By the time Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated in March 1861, Texas had joined the Confederacy, and federal troops held only Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Fort Pickens off the Florida coast, and a handful of minor outposts in the South. On April 12, 1861, the American Civil War began when Confederate shore batteries under General P.G.T. Beauregard opened fire on Fort Sumter in South Carolina’s Charleston Harbor. Within two months, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee had all joined the embattled Confederacy. #ushistory #civilwar #militaryhistory