What is Bank Runs?
A bank run is a fast loss of deposits or other short-term financing by a financial institution, which causes it to fail from the lack of liquidity. While a traditional bank run has depositors queuing outside a retail bank branch, the concept of a bank run applies to many other situations.
For example, mutual fund investors may decide to redeem their shares all at once, a hedge fund may find no lenders willing to roll over its repos, a conduit may find itself unable to sell short-term commercial paper to refinance the expiring obligations, and so on.
Diamond and Dybvig (1983) explain why banks typically have liquidity mismatch in their balance sheets, and how this mismatch enables bank runs. The Diamond–Dybvig model assumes that risk-averse consumers look for investment opportunities but do not know in advance when they might need their money back. The investment projects of the production sector are illiquid in the sense that selling them early (before they mature) can only be done at a penalty.
The role of banks is to satisfy investor demand for liquidity by converting illiquid assets (loans to the production sector) into liquid liabilities (demand deposits).
In this model, all banks are mutual banks (i.e., have no equity), and create liquidity just by pooling risks among its depositor-owners.
A bank run occurs when a number of investors come to believe that many other investors are going to withdraw their funds (or, equivalently, deny refinancing).
For example, suppose an (unbiased) rumor spreads on Wall Street that a certain bank finds it hard to obtain overnight loans. A bank that suddenly cannot roll over its overnight liabilities is likely to run out liquidity and default.
There is an incentive to abandon the suspect bank as early as possible as the default would hurt those who provided the very last loans. Therefore, the rumor can scare all potential lenders away, and the bank can fail from a run by its counterparties in a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Managing Director, Head of Global Trade Americas at Natixis CIB Americas
4moCongratulations on the successful refinancing of your facilities. Always a great pleasure to work with the Freepoint team.