PhD Maastricht University Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Cardio Thoracic Surgery
Time has fascinated the history of humanity since its origins: in particular, preand post-Aristotelian philosophy, Galilean science, Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity, and Enrico Fermi’s quantum physics. The space-time in the theory of relativity is an indissoluble variable - there is no space without time and vice versa. Organ protection from ischemia is a matter of time in relation to the technique; there are many different cardioplegia solutions of varying compositions used for myocardial arrest and protection in cardiac surgery, and the choice of cardioplegia is often up to institution or surgeon preference. In our experience the use of DN solution increases temporarily hemodilution in extracorporeal circulation and is a variable that acts directly on colloid oncotic pressure (COP), determined by all plasma proteins in the intraand extravascular compartments, and plays a key role in transcapillary fluid movement. A decreased COP increases transcapillary fluid movement, which leads to tissue edema and, combined with hemodilution, may compromise peripheral tissues oxygenation and end-organ perfusion. The reduction of hemoglobin content has an impact during CPB on corrective action for red blood cell, hypothermia, and ultrafiltration uses, and it also has an impact on the oxygen delivery (DO₂) - there is ample evidence that an indexed DO₂< 280 ml/min/m2 exposes the patients to postoperative risk and incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). The use of DN solution for the abovementioned aspects in the MiECC in particular for hemodilution variable appears in contrast, despite the literature being clearly in favor of this methodology in the context of conventional extracorporeal circulation. But there is another aspect we should ask ourselves when choosing myocardial protection solution: 1) Should it be chosen in relation to time according to the surgical technique? 2) Should it be chosen in relation to patient typology and multi-organ preservation during and after CPB? From this point of view, there is no myocardial solution that integrates the answer to these two questions, and consequently the one that meets the benefits and objectives set by MiECC is the BC solution. The literature on minimally invasive cardiac surgery, independently of the myocardial solution used, showed a significant association between cross-clamping time and mortality, low cardiac output syndrome, and AKI, so moving towards a more physiological CPB such as the MiECC is perhaps the most reliable answer.
