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Get to know Apsáalooke artist Wendy Red Star’s “1880 Crow Peace Delegation” series of annotated portraits in our collection.

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"I wanted to show the viewer that these are real people. These aren't just a symbol of the Native spirit or a chief. I wanted to show that this is much more complicated than this aesthetically pleasing image," says artist Wendy Red Star (Apsáalooke [Crow]) about her "1880 Crow Peace Delegation" series. Red Star reaffirms the dignity and humanity of 19th-century Crow chiefs by annotating observations and historical facts about each individual in bright, red ink. The notes and marks reflect Red Star’s own research into the history of her community, connections to other Native nations, and even the artist’s humor. Crow chiefs sat for the original portraits, now in the collection of our Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History's National Anthropological Archives, in 1880 on one of several trips from Montana to Washington, D.C., to discuss land rights with the U.S. government. Over time, the names and legacies of these leaders were lost and disregarded as their images were used as stock photos to represent Native American chiefs for commercial purposes by non-Native people. This portrait of Peelatchiwaaxpáash, also known as Chief Medicine Crow, for instance, was used on the cover of a textbook and to market bottled tea. Through her detailed annotations, Red Star paints a richer picture of Peelatchiwaaxpáash’s life and legacy. She notes that his eagle feather fan symbolized leadership, his hair extensions were made by people in mourning, he had six wives, and he was appointed tribal judge in 1890. Wendy Red Star (Apsáalooke [Crow]). “Peelatchiwaaxpáash / Medicine Crow (Raven),” 2014. National Museum of the American Indian, Gift of the Lipson Trust. © Wendy Red Star #NativeAmericanHeritageDay #SmithsonianNAHM

  • An archival photograph of a Native American man in regalia, embellished with feathers, beadwork, and colorful ribbons. Notable annotations about the subject's attire and life are written over the image in bright ink. Some of the excerpts include: "This hair bow is broken"; "Kicked in the Bellies"; and "'Medicine Crow, the crow chief looked like a devil in his war bonnet of feathers, furs and buffalo horns.' Lt. John Bourke."
  • Annotated historical photograph of the same Native American man in traditional regalia, featuring more extensive handwritten notes and markings overlaying the image in red ink. Some notes include: "White clay in my hair"; "Crow Census, 1885, Age 36"; and "The eagle and large hawk are my spirit helpers."

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