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Austenite Remains Stable at Room Temperature

𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐀𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐑𝐨𝐨𝐦 𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥? 1. 𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗲𝗹 (𝗡𝗶) ✧ (Ni) has a strong affinity for the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, which is the crystal structure of austenite. ✧ When nickel is added to steel, it forms a solid solution with iron and promotes the stability of the austenitic phase. ✧ Nickel influences the arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice, making it 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 favorable for the steel to remain in the austenitic phase. ✧ This suppression (Inhibit) of phase transformations prevents the conversion of austenite into other phases, such as ferrite or pearlite, at lower temperatures.    2. 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗲𝘀𝗲 (𝗠𝗻): ✧ Mn, like Ni, is an austenite-forming element. ✧ Mn in the iron matrix, forming a solid solution. This solid solution strengthens the retention of the austenitic structure even at room temperature.   ► This 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗲 is a desirable feature in various applications, as it ensures that the steel remains ductile, tough, and corrosion-resistant under normal environmental conditions. Source: https://lnkd.in/d_tKZVkf #steel #alloysteel #metallurgy #materialsscience #materialsengineering #asme #api #aws #welding #piping #eaf #fabrication #oilandgas #qaqc #inspection #engineering

Very interresting metallurigical information.

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒚 𝑭𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔: Notes 1. Attraction of the steel to a magnet. Note some austenitic grades can be attracted to a magnet if cold worked. 2. Varies significantly between grades within each group. e.g. free machining grades have lower corrosion resistances, those grades higher in molybdenum have higher resistances. 3. Measured by toughness or ductility at sub-zero temperatures. Austenitic grades retain ductility to cryogenic temperatures. Ref.: Technical Handbook of Stainless Steels by The Atlas Specialty Metals. Abdulkader Alshereef 🇵🇸 #Stainless #Metallurgy #Quality #UNS #Steel #Welding #NDT #Construction #QC #Corrosion #Materials #SharingKnowledge #Fabrication #Construction #Projects #Inspection #materialsscience #Metals #Iron #DuplexSteel #Duplex #Austenitic #FerriticStainless Keep Supporting Palestine ✌

𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐀𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐲 𝐅𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐬: Notes: 1. Attraction of the steel to a magnet. Note some austenitic grades can be attracted to a magnet if cold worked. 2. Varies significantly between grades within each group. e.g. free machining grades have lower corrosion resistances, those grades higher in molybdenum have higher resistances. 3. Measured by toughness or ductility at sub-zero temperatures. Austenitic grades retain ductility to cryogenic temperatures. Abdulkader Alshereef 🇵🇸 (Palestine Will remain Steadfast) Ref.: ATLAS SPECIALTY METALS - Technical Handbook of Stainless Steels #Steel #StainlessSteel #stainlesssteelpipes #Metallurgy #Welding #Quality #Metals #materials #Austenite #Martensite #Ferrite #DuplexSteel #DuplexStainless #SharingKnowledge #Linkedin #Engineering #Piping #Fabrication

seam weld orientation for ERW and LSAW pipe as per BS4515 clause 10.4

Hello guy's... Ceaser II required important inputs options... it may help you in interviews and better understanding of all inputs -> Node Numbers- They are generated automatically. -> Element Lengths -> Offsets -> Diameter -> Schedule -> Mill Tolerance % -> Dx, Dy, Dz. -> Corrosion -> Insulation Thickness -> Temperature_design_operating temp -> Pressure_design pr -> Special Element Information -> Bend ->Rigid -> Expansion Joints Jt. stiffness and effective dia. -> Weight of rigid element -> Reducer -> SIF's and Tees -> Structural -> Restraints -> Hangers -> Nozzles limit check -> Displacements -> Equipment -> Forces/ Moments -> Uniform Loads -> Winds and Wave -> Thermal Blowing -> Pitch & Roll -> Piping Material -> Allowable Stress -> Maximum 4 Restraints -> Material Elastic Properties -> Elastic Modulus (C) -> Poisson's Ratio -> Pipe Density -> Fluid Density -> Refractory Density -> Insulation Density -> Auxiliary data Area -> Allowable Stress (SC, SH, F, Eff, Fac, Sy, PVar) -> Fatigue Curves Butt Weld & Fillet Weld, Cycles, Stress)

Lifting and handling: Electric permanent magnets are commonly used in #lifting #equipment and #handling #machinery, for lifting and handling various heavy #materials, such as #steel #plates, steel, iron blocks, etc. Its strong suction ensures the firm adsorption and safe transportation of materials.

https://lnkd.in/e_73FEP5 𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐝𝐨 𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐬 𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐤? - 𝗔 𝘄𝗲𝗹𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗰𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗸 is fracture-type linear imperfection having a sharp tip with a higher length and very small width. - Welding cracks can appear in weld deposits, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base material. - They occur once the localized stresses exceed the ultimate tensile strength of the base metal. - 𝗜𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 usually starts at stress concentrations due to other defects or sharp notches (notches work as stress concentration) in the nearby area. - These stresses can be residual stresses caused by the welding or stresses got applied due to service or another external loading. - 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗲𝘀 in welding are caused by weld solidification and thermal expansion properties of the metal. - In welding cracks, there is little plastic deformation as most of the cracks either occur due to high hardness or Stress. Join our group for all updated knowledge https://lnkd.in/ex8nUyxQ

super duplex 2507 pipe DESCRIPTION of super duplex 2507 pipe Advantages of super duplex 2507 pipe: It can destroy the casting structure of the steel ingot, and the "three fires" produced can refine the grains of the steel and eliminate the defects of the microstructure, so that the steel structure is dense and the mechanical properties are improved. This improvement is mainly reflected in the rolling direction, so that the steel is no longer isotropic to a certain extent; bubbles, cracks and looseness formed during casting can also be welded under high temperature and pressure.   Disadvantages: 1. After the super duplex 2507 pipe is hot rolled, the non-metallic inclusions (mainly sulfides and oxides, as well as silicates) inside the steel are pressed into thin sheets, and delamination (interlayer) occurs. Delamination greatly deteriorates the tensile properties of the steel in the thickness direction, and it is possible that interlayer tearing may occur when the weld shrinks. The local strain induced by weld shrinkage often reaches several times the yield point strain, which is much larger than the strain caused by the load; 2. Residual stress caused by uneven cooling. Residual stress is the internal self-balanced stress without external force. Hot-rolled super duplex 2507 pipes of various cross-sections have this kind of residual stress. Generally, the larger the section size of the section steel, the greater the residual stress. Although the residual stress is self-balanced, it still has a certain influence on the performance of the steel member under the action of external force. For example, it may have adverse effects on deformation, stability, fatigue resistance, etc.