Counselling in Punchbowl, NSW

Photo of Rodney Masri, Counsellor
Rodney Masri
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Punchbowl, NSW 2196
Having lived with Mental Health and its ups and downs, I have been able to overcome the negative ways of my Mental Health and gain valuable knowledge and experience which relates to my clients in ways that is understandable and respectful to them. I have also developed skills in working with teenagers and their families through Family Therapy, listening to concerns of parents and the needs of the children. Similarly, Marriage Counselling also focuses on communication and the understanding of one another's emotions, whereby couples are able to express their feelings and be heard in a respectful manner to help better the relationship.
Having lived with Mental Health and its ups and downs, I have been able to overcome the negative ways of my Mental Health and gain valuable knowledge and experience which relates to my clients in ways that is understandable and respectful to them. I have also developed skills in working with teenagers and their families through Family Therapy, listening to concerns of parents and the needs of the children. Similarly, Marriage Counselling also focuses on communication and the understanding of one another's emotions, whereby couples are able to express their feelings and be heard in a respectful manner to help better the relationship.
(02) 8105 5336 View (02) 8105 5336
Photo of Irene Osman, PACFA, Counsellor
Irene Osman
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Punchbowl, NSW 2196
I am a Clinical Counsellor/Psychotherapist that is a mature and responsible individual with strong communication skills who has a successful career in counselling and psychotherapy. I am empathetic and understanding towards my clients and I utilise diverse and appropriate therapeutic approaches suited to each individual’s needs. I provide therapy for adults with problems around Eating Disorders, depression and Borderline Personality Disorder. I incorporate a variety of therapeutic approaches including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Narrative Therapy, Person Centred Therapy and Solution Focused Therapy and Positive Psychology.
I am a Clinical Counsellor/Psychotherapist that is a mature and responsible individual with strong communication skills who has a successful career in counselling and psychotherapy. I am empathetic and understanding towards my clients and I utilise diverse and appropriate therapeutic approaches suited to each individual’s needs. I provide therapy for adults with problems around Eating Disorders, depression and Borderline Personality Disorder. I incorporate a variety of therapeutic approaches including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Narrative Therapy, Person Centred Therapy and Solution Focused Therapy and Positive Psychology.
(02) 8105 6941 View (02) 8105 6941
Photo of Hany Ghobrial - Spirit & Mind Therapy, Counsellor
Spirit & Mind Therapy
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Punchbowl, NSW 2196
My name is Hany, and I am deeply committed to fostering a safe, understanding, and empathetic space for all my clients, who seek understanding and growth amidst challenges such as anxiety, life transitions, or relationship issues. They desire a safe space to explore their feelings, understand their behaviors, and develop coping strategies to achieve emotional well-being, improve relationships, and find balance.
My name is Hany, and I am deeply committed to fostering a safe, understanding, and empathetic space for all my clients, who seek understanding and growth amidst challenges such as anxiety, life transitions, or relationship issues. They desire a safe space to explore their feelings, understand their behaviors, and develop coping strategies to achieve emotional well-being, improve relationships, and find balance.
(02) 8105 6402 View (02) 8105 6402
Photo of Nuh Mikail Imanov, Counsellor
Nuh Mikail Imanov
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Punchbowl, NSW 2196
Life’s not always the best to us, but we can always make something good out of life - and sometimes all we need to achieve that is a little extra assistance. It is my commitment to help you discover and fulfil your true potential.
Life’s not always the best to us, but we can always make something good out of life - and sometimes all we need to achieve that is a little extra assistance. It is my commitment to help you discover and fulfil your true potential.
(02) 7804 4671 View (02) 7804 4671

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Caitlyn Teasel, PACFA, Counsellor
Caitlyn Teasel
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Peakhurst, NSW 2210  (Online Only)
Life can be filled with an array of challenging experiences and emotions. Let’s explore your circumstances in a secure and non-judgmental manner, allowing you the opportunity to become aware of the issues, needs and goals best suited to a positive shift in your life.
Life can be filled with an array of challenging experiences and emotions. Let’s explore your circumstances in a secure and non-judgmental manner, allowing you the opportunity to become aware of the issues, needs and goals best suited to a positive shift in your life.
(02) 7501 0833 View (02) 7501 0833
Photo of Chrissy Antonopoulos (Online Telehealth), PsyBA General, Psychologist
Chrissy Antonopoulos (Online Telehealth)
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Bankstown, NSW 2200  (Online Only)
I am a Registered Psychologist working with people experiencing anxiety, panic attacks, depression, trauma, eating and body image concerns, stress/life changes, grief/loss, chronic health conditions and disability. I have an interest in assessment and experience with Autism, ADHD, learning, intellectual and adaptive functioning assessments. I can provide reports for NDIS and education/school plans. I have lived experience of disability and work from an affirming, collaborative and empowering framework. I work with people of all ages and am currently only offering Telehealth services.
I am a Registered Psychologist working with people experiencing anxiety, panic attacks, depression, trauma, eating and body image concerns, stress/life changes, grief/loss, chronic health conditions and disability. I have an interest in assessment and experience with Autism, ADHD, learning, intellectual and adaptive functioning assessments. I can provide reports for NDIS and education/school plans. I have lived experience of disability and work from an affirming, collaborative and empowering framework. I work with people of all ages and am currently only offering Telehealth services.
(02) 9053 4329 View (02) 9053 4329
Photo of Hayley Yi, MAPS, Psychologist
Hayley Yi
Psychologist, MAPS
Verified Verified
Roselands, NSW 2196
Building strong minds and relationships across the lifespan. I work with children and teens with a range of behavioural concerns, emotional outbursts and school refusal, and engage them in activities and learning in session, as well as coaching for parents. I work with adults with relationship difficulties, complex traumas, and people-pleasing habits, and provide them with the right tools to communicate assertively, set healthy boundaries and express self-confidence. Auslan is available.
Building strong minds and relationships across the lifespan. I work with children and teens with a range of behavioural concerns, emotional outbursts and school refusal, and engage them in activities and learning in session, as well as coaching for parents. I work with adults with relationship difficulties, complex traumas, and people-pleasing habits, and provide them with the right tools to communicate assertively, set healthy boundaries and express self-confidence. Auslan is available.
(02) 8105 6141 View (02) 8105 6141
Photo of Paul Dekkers - Arana Psychology, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Arana Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Bankstown, NSW 2200
Paul is a Registered Psychologist with experience working primarily with adults. He is passionate about supporting individuals make meaningful change to their lives and helping them through challenging transitions. As well as strategies to assist with a range of issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, perfectionism, trauma & PTSD, and relationships, Paul has extensive experience working in the Workers Compensation space – supporting recovery and transition. To complement his training and practice as a psychologist, Paul draws on his many years of experience as a corporate professional. Originally from the UK, Paul has been a
Paul is a Registered Psychologist with experience working primarily with adults. He is passionate about supporting individuals make meaningful change to their lives and helping them through challenging transitions. As well as strategies to assist with a range of issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, perfectionism, trauma & PTSD, and relationships, Paul has extensive experience working in the Workers Compensation space – supporting recovery and transition. To complement his training and practice as a psychologist, Paul draws on his many years of experience as a corporate professional. Originally from the UK, Paul has been a
(02) 8074 5793 View (02) 8074 5793
Photo of Sandra Tk, MA, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Sandra Tk
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Bankstown, NSW 2200
Are you facing issues like communication breakdowns, trust concerns, emotional disconnect, and conflict resolution challenges? You're not alone. If you're looking to improve your communication skills, rebuild trust, and enhance emotional connections, I'm here to help you navigate these challenges. My goal is to help guide you towards liberation, empowering you to break free and reclaim back your voice,
Are you facing issues like communication breakdowns, trust concerns, emotional disconnect, and conflict resolution challenges? You're not alone. If you're looking to improve your communication skills, rebuild trust, and enhance emotional connections, I'm here to help you navigate these challenges. My goal is to help guide you towards liberation, empowering you to break free and reclaim back your voice,
(02) 8105 5474 View (02) 8105 5474
Photo of Mona Mattar - Lighthouse Therapeutic, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Lighthouse Therapeutic
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Bankstown, NSW 2200
Are you finding it hard to cope with day to day stressors. Do you have difficulty with food and body image, maybe you are restricting, binging, purging or yo-yo dieting. Have you found that your drug or alcohol intake has increased and is starting to feel out of control, or has been out of control for a while, have you just had a lapse/relapse. Is your anxiety holding you back or are you having difficulty with your relationships, emotion regulation or asserting boundaries?
Are you finding it hard to cope with day to day stressors. Do you have difficulty with food and body image, maybe you are restricting, binging, purging or yo-yo dieting. Have you found that your drug or alcohol intake has increased and is starting to feel out of control, or has been out of control for a while, have you just had a lapse/relapse. Is your anxiety holding you back or are you having difficulty with your relationships, emotion regulation or asserting boundaries?
(02) 8806 0119 View (02) 8806 0119
Michelle Pal
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA Endorsed
Verified Verified
Bankstown, NSW 2200  (Online Only)
In therapy I can help with mental health and relationship issues such as: confidence and assertiveness; reducing worry and negative thinking; having better relationships; managing low moods or mood swings; overcome imposter syndrome; or decrease sexual dysunction. I treat clinical issues such as anxiety, depression, and bipolar. I also work with adults on relationship issues, and with couples using the Gottman Model of Couples Therapy. I also am passionate about social justice and regularly provide assessments and report for criminal court proceedings including bail application, S14 applications, and sentencing reports.
In therapy I can help with mental health and relationship issues such as: confidence and assertiveness; reducing worry and negative thinking; having better relationships; managing low moods or mood swings; overcome imposter syndrome; or decrease sexual dysunction. I treat clinical issues such as anxiety, depression, and bipolar. I also work with adults on relationship issues, and with couples using the Gottman Model of Couples Therapy. I also am passionate about social justice and regularly provide assessments and report for criminal court proceedings including bail application, S14 applications, and sentencing reports.
(02) 8294 8062 View (02) 8294 8062
Photo of Lorraine Wright - EMDR Consultation and Supervision, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
EMDR Consultation and Supervision
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Bankstown, NSW 2200
Lorraine Wright is an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker and EMDR Consultant with over 25 years of experience in trauma therapy. She specializes in complex post-traumatic stress, childhood sexual assault survivors, and domestic violence. Lorraine offers a holistic approach, integrating various therapies like EMDR, ACT, and DBT. She provides supervision and consultation to health professionals and sees clients through Open Arms, Victim Services, Medicare, and privately. With evidence-based practice and intuition, Lorraine guides individuals on their healing journey.
Lorraine Wright is an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker and EMDR Consultant with over 25 years of experience in trauma therapy. She specializes in complex post-traumatic stress, childhood sexual assault survivors, and domestic violence. Lorraine offers a holistic approach, integrating various therapies like EMDR, ACT, and DBT. She provides supervision and consultation to health professionals and sees clients through Open Arms, Victim Services, Medicare, and privately. With evidence-based practice and intuition, Lorraine guides individuals on their healing journey.
(02) 8294 9667 View (02) 8294 9667
Photo of Metaxia Toumbelekis, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Metaxia Toumbelekis
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Roselands, NSW 2196
Welcome to my boutique Clinical Psychology practice. I am a warm, empathic Clinical Psychologist, and a mother of two young children. I have worked in community, public and private hospital settings, with experience working with children, adolescents and adults providing individual, parenting and group-based interventions. I have a particular interest working with adults who have experienced significant stressors or trauma in their life, who are struggling with feelings of anxiety or depression and with individuals who generally would like to gain further insight or coping strategies to deal with life’s challenges.
Welcome to my boutique Clinical Psychology practice. I am a warm, empathic Clinical Psychologist, and a mother of two young children. I have worked in community, public and private hospital settings, with experience working with children, adolescents and adults providing individual, parenting and group-based interventions. I have a particular interest working with adults who have experienced significant stressors or trauma in their life, who are struggling with feelings of anxiety or depression and with individuals who generally would like to gain further insight or coping strategies to deal with life’s challenges.
(02) 8000 1569 View (02) 8000 1569
Sarah Mohamadin
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Bankstown, NSW 2200  (Online Only)
My warmest welcome to you! Throughout my 14 years as a practicing psychologist, I have had clients from all walks of life. I am now focusing my practice on adults to help them through their situations, life challenges, mental disorders and overall mental health issues. I encourage openness in sessions all of which are dealt with in the strictess professional confidentiality; setting up goals and making a plan to reach them throughout our sessions and in between.
My warmest welcome to you! Throughout my 14 years as a practicing psychologist, I have had clients from all walks of life. I am now focusing my practice on adults to help them through their situations, life challenges, mental disorders and overall mental health issues. I encourage openness in sessions all of which are dealt with in the strictess professional confidentiality; setting up goals and making a plan to reach them throughout our sessions and in between.
(02) 4210 5075 View (02) 4210 5075
Photo of Fazeela Moghal, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Fazeela Moghal
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Yagoona, NSW 2199
I love to work with people who are interested in overcoming life challenges and keen on personal growth, gaining insight and self improvement. My areas of interest and expertise are Depression/Post Natal Depression, Anxiety, Phobias, OCD, Eating Disorders, Addiction, Workplace injury Bullying, Stress, and anger management Interpersonal and relationship difficulties Parenting, Miscarriage / Loss of baby, Trauma/Abuse, Personality Disorders Domestic Violence, Disability, Self-harm Suicidal Ideation
I love to work with people who are interested in overcoming life challenges and keen on personal growth, gaining insight and self improvement. My areas of interest and expertise are Depression/Post Natal Depression, Anxiety, Phobias, OCD, Eating Disorders, Addiction, Workplace injury Bullying, Stress, and anger management Interpersonal and relationship difficulties Parenting, Miscarriage / Loss of baby, Trauma/Abuse, Personality Disorders Domestic Violence, Disability, Self-harm Suicidal Ideation
(02) 8105 5759 View (02) 8105 5759
Photo of El-Afraa Chouchane, MA, ACA-L2, Counsellor
El-Afraa Chouchane
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Bankstown, NSW 2200
El-afraa is a registered Counsellor and Psychotherapist with postgraduate training. Drawing from a wealth of experience and expertise, El-afraa offers an integrative therapeutic approach tailored specifically to your unique needs and circumstances. She combines cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), Psychodynamic Interpersonal therapy (PIT), Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) as well as mindfulness and attachment theory.
El-afraa is a registered Counsellor and Psychotherapist with postgraduate training. Drawing from a wealth of experience and expertise, El-afraa offers an integrative therapeutic approach tailored specifically to your unique needs and circumstances. She combines cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), Psychodynamic Interpersonal therapy (PIT), Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) as well as mindfulness and attachment theory.
View
Photo of Karen Rose, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Karen Rose
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
Belmore, NSW 2192  (Online Only)
Thanks for stopping by. I'm a warm and welcoming therapist and I help people with relationships and life transitions. This includes managing societal pressures (e.g. around family planning), infertility, parenting and navigating toxic family relationships. My goal is to help you gain a better understanding of yourself, to build up your internal resources (your ways of coping) and to feel more empowered navigating boundaries and decision making. I’m passionate about making counselling a safe space where you can simply be yourself.
Thanks for stopping by. I'm a warm and welcoming therapist and I help people with relationships and life transitions. This includes managing societal pressures (e.g. around family planning), infertility, parenting and navigating toxic family relationships. My goal is to help you gain a better understanding of yourself, to build up your internal resources (your ways of coping) and to feel more empowered navigating boundaries and decision making. I’m passionate about making counselling a safe space where you can simply be yourself.
(02) 8105 6133 View (02) 8105 6133
Photo of Maria Bui - Treat Your Psyche - Maria Bui, PACFA, Counsellor
Treat Your Psyche - Maria Bui
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bankstown, NSW 2200  (Online Only)
Life can be hard as it is, then it can feel like the universe throws you a curveball. Whether it be dealing with relationships, conflicts, life transitions, or figuring out who you want to be; therapy can be the first step to getting you in the right direction. I believe that there is no issue too small, they are all worth exploring. Taking the person-centered approach means I tap into where you're at and finding the right support for you. I work with you to highlight your strengths, build confidence and the autonomy to jump into the driver's seat, to make decisions about your life.
Life can be hard as it is, then it can feel like the universe throws you a curveball. Whether it be dealing with relationships, conflicts, life transitions, or figuring out who you want to be; therapy can be the first step to getting you in the right direction. I believe that there is no issue too small, they are all worth exploring. Taking the person-centered approach means I tap into where you're at and finding the right support for you. I work with you to highlight your strengths, build confidence and the autonomy to jump into the driver's seat, to make decisions about your life.
(02) 9100 0074 View (02) 9100 0074
Photo of Nabill Zafir, MA
Nabill Zafir
MA
Verified Verified
Greenacre, NSW 2190
Not accepting new clients
Nabill is a passionate and skilled Mental health clinician with studies in Counselling and Mental health. He has experience in a wide range of therapeutic settings including outpatient and inpatient units, using cross-cultural insights to identify problems. His focus is to help his clients reach their potential and support them to transform personal challenges, this is achieved by providing a neutral and non-judgemental safe space. Nabill provides assessment and treatment for a range of issues including mood, anxiety and adjustment disorders, interpersonal difficulties, grief and loss, post traumatic stress and existential concerns.
Nabill is a passionate and skilled Mental health clinician with studies in Counselling and Mental health. He has experience in a wide range of therapeutic settings including outpatient and inpatient units, using cross-cultural insights to identify problems. His focus is to help his clients reach their potential and support them to transform personal challenges, this is achieved by providing a neutral and non-judgemental safe space. Nabill provides assessment and treatment for a range of issues including mood, anxiety and adjustment disorders, interpersonal difficulties, grief and loss, post traumatic stress and existential concerns.
(02) 8073 9351 View (02) 8073 9351
Photo of Paula Barham, ACA-L2, Psychotherapist
Paula Barham
Psychotherapist, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Roselands, NSW 2196
As a seasoned and qualified counsellor and psychotherapist with over 20 years of experience, I have had the privilege of working with a diverse range of individuals, including teenagers, single adults, couples, and parents. My extensive background in cardiac physiology has provided me with a unique perspective on the intersection of physical health and mental well-being. In addition to my clinical practice, I am also qualified as a professional supervisor for counsellors.
As a seasoned and qualified counsellor and psychotherapist with over 20 years of experience, I have had the privilege of working with a diverse range of individuals, including teenagers, single adults, couples, and parents. My extensive background in cardiac physiology has provided me with a unique perspective on the intersection of physical health and mental well-being. In addition to my clinical practice, I am also qualified as a professional supervisor for counsellors.
(02) 9100 0945 View (02) 9100 0945

See more therapy options for Punchbowl

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Punchbowl, NSW

< 10

Counsellors in Punchbowl, NSW who prioritize treating:

75% Depression
75% Anxiety
75% Coping Skills
50% Trauma and PTSD
50% Substance Use
50% Suicidal Ideation
50% Gambling

Average years in practice

1 Year

Gender breakdown

75% Male
25% Female

How Counsellors in Punchbowl, NSW see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Punchbowl?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.

  翻译: