Therapists in Canterbury, NH

Photo of Sarah Tirrell-Wysocki, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Tirrell-Wysocki
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Canterbury, NH 03224
Waitlist for new clients
Are you weary of struggling emotionally? Are you ready to discuss making some changes to improve your life? I am a senior therapist with 40+ yrs experience with adults, teens and our cherished sage seniors. I offer sensitive, caring, and effective therapy. Weekly appts offered to those who are committed to growing and making their lives better. You deserve to be more fulfilled and content!
Are you weary of struggling emotionally? Are you ready to discuss making some changes to improve your life? I am a senior therapist with 40+ yrs experience with adults, teens and our cherished sage seniors. I offer sensitive, caring, and effective therapy. Weekly appts offered to those who are committed to growing and making their lives better. You deserve to be more fulfilled and content!
(603) 505-8798 View (603) 505-8798
Photo of Rebecca Plue - Growing Minds Psychological Services, Inc., PsyD, Psychologist
Growing Minds Psychological Services, Inc.
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Canterbury, NH 03224
Growing Minds Psychological Services offers outdoor, indoor, or telehealth sessions at this time. Our team consists of three providers well versed in providing therapy to a full age range of clients. Neuropsychological testing is also available. Reach out today to see if someone on our team might be a good fit for you or your family!
Growing Minds Psychological Services offers outdoor, indoor, or telehealth sessions at this time. Our team consists of three providers well versed in providing therapy to a full age range of clients. Neuropsychological testing is also available. Reach out today to see if someone on our team might be a good fit for you or your family!
(603) 708-1035 View (603) 708-1035
Photo of Lisa Rutherford - Capital Valley Counseling Associates, LLC, Counselor
Capital Valley Counseling Associates, LLC
Counselor
Verified Verified
Canterbury, NH 03224
Welcome to Capital Valley Counseling Associates, Inc. We are pleased that you are interested in our services and look forward to the opportunity of working with you. We know that counseling services can be beneficial, and we strive to create a welcoming and comfortable environment. We will engage you in a mutual process, tailoring goals to meet individual needs. You will learn to cope more effectively, and to reverse unsatisfying patterns of behavior. We want your services to be personal, focused, satisfying and lasting.
Welcome to Capital Valley Counseling Associates, Inc. We are pleased that you are interested in our services and look forward to the opportunity of working with you. We know that counseling services can be beneficial, and we strive to create a welcoming and comfortable environment. We will engage you in a mutual process, tailoring goals to meet individual needs. You will learn to cope more effectively, and to reverse unsatisfying patterns of behavior. We want your services to be personal, focused, satisfying and lasting.
(603) 583-4303 View (603) 583-4303

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Dana Gioia, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dana Gioia
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301  (Online Only)
I have current openings for self-pay, telehealth clients- I believe everyone is capable of the change they want to achieve, and the first step is reaching out for help. Are you struggling with communication issues in your relationship? Does anxiety prevent you from living the life you want? Is the trauma you experienced impacting your day-to-day life, making it hard to feel safe or to trust? I want to work with you to help you feel better and fulfill your potential. Sometimes it just takes someone else believing in us for us to start believing in ourselves. I take an inherently positive approach, finding the potential in everyone.
I have current openings for self-pay, telehealth clients- I believe everyone is capable of the change they want to achieve, and the first step is reaching out for help. Are you struggling with communication issues in your relationship? Does anxiety prevent you from living the life you want? Is the trauma you experienced impacting your day-to-day life, making it hard to feel safe or to trust? I want to work with you to help you feel better and fulfill your potential. Sometimes it just takes someone else believing in us for us to start believing in ourselves. I take an inherently positive approach, finding the potential in everyone.
(603) 499-7093 View (603) 499-7093
Photo of Becky Glaze, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Becky Glaze
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
You must find the place inside yourself where nothing is impossible. - Deepak Chopra. You are experiencing unpleasant symptoms of anxiety, depression, PTSD, and or other mental health disorders, and at this point it is weighing you down and getting in the way of how you want to live your life. Your mental health is impacting how you want to connect with yourself and connect with the world around you. You want to experience positive emotions, but those have been dulled down and painful emotions have taken over. You are noticing your physical health is being impacted by your mental health. At this point you don't know where to turn.
You must find the place inside yourself where nothing is impossible. - Deepak Chopra. You are experiencing unpleasant symptoms of anxiety, depression, PTSD, and or other mental health disorders, and at this point it is weighing you down and getting in the way of how you want to live your life. Your mental health is impacting how you want to connect with yourself and connect with the world around you. You want to experience positive emotions, but those have been dulled down and painful emotions have taken over. You are noticing your physical health is being impacted by your mental health. At this point you don't know where to turn.
(603) 945-5749 View (603) 945-5749
Photo of Peter Nelson - Nelson Counseling , LCMHC, MLADC, LADC, Counselor
Nelson Counseling
Counselor, LCMHC, MLADC, LADC
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
I am a dually licensed clinical therapist and have working in the field of mental health and addiction treatment for more than 10 years. I use a variety of treatment modalities for an approach that is comprehensive and humanistic and am licensed in both NH and ME.
I am a dually licensed clinical therapist and have working in the field of mental health and addiction treatment for more than 10 years. I use a variety of treatment modalities for an approach that is comprehensive and humanistic and am licensed in both NH and ME.
(603) 541-7715 View (603) 541-7715
Photo of Stephanie Kopczynski, LCMHC, LLC, Counselor
Stephanie Kopczynski
Counselor, LCMHC, LLC
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03303
Not accepting new clients
If you are experiencing concerns with body image, depression, anxiety, or trauma, I can help you. As a licensed mental health counselor, I find it rewarding to help clients overcome challenging obstacles in their lives. I offer a safe, compassionate environment where I utilize evidence based practices such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), and cognitive processing therapy (CPT). I am accepting new clients and your initial consultation is just a call away. It would be a privilege to work with you.
If you are experiencing concerns with body image, depression, anxiety, or trauma, I can help you. As a licensed mental health counselor, I find it rewarding to help clients overcome challenging obstacles in their lives. I offer a safe, compassionate environment where I utilize evidence based practices such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), and cognitive processing therapy (CPT). I am accepting new clients and your initial consultation is just a call away. It would be a privilege to work with you.
(603) 237-1474 View (603) 237-1474
Photo of Nancy M Gill, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nancy M Gill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
Do you feel stuck? Intention is the first step toward change. We will work together to develop both practical tools and a compassionate perspective to define and achieve your goals. A strengths-based approach underpins our work while incorporating aspects of cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic understanding, and expressive arts exercises.
Do you feel stuck? Intention is the first step toward change. We will work together to develop both practical tools and a compassionate perspective to define and achieve your goals. A strengths-based approach underpins our work while incorporating aspects of cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic understanding, and expressive arts exercises.
(603) 605-8166 View (603) 605-8166
Photo of Linda J. Zollo - Linda J. Zollo, PhD., PhD, Psychologist
Linda J. Zollo, PhD.
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301
Do you keep encountering obstacles to meeting your life, career, or relationship goals? Change occurs when we discover we have more options than we originally considered. I have over 30 years of experience as a Clinical Psychologist working with people to help them break free from unproductive patterns in their life and to create more satisfying solutions. I look forward to the opportunity to meet with you in a collaborative effort to achieve your goals.
Do you keep encountering obstacles to meeting your life, career, or relationship goals? Change occurs when we discover we have more options than we originally considered. I have over 30 years of experience as a Clinical Psychologist working with people to help them break free from unproductive patterns in their life and to create more satisfying solutions. I look forward to the opportunity to meet with you in a collaborative effort to achieve your goals.
(603) 262-1189 View (603) 262-1189
Photo of Ethel I Hull, PhD, Psychologist
Ethel I Hull
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I have had the good fortune to have had the opportunity, the training, and the experience to work with a wide variety of presenting issues. My primary work is with major life transitions, and also with stress, anxiety, trauma, depression and dysfunctional family-of-origin issues. Online video sessions are the only options at this time. My focus is holistic.
I have had the good fortune to have had the opportunity, the training, and the experience to work with a wide variety of presenting issues. My primary work is with major life transitions, and also with stress, anxiety, trauma, depression and dysfunctional family-of-origin issues. Online video sessions are the only options at this time. My focus is holistic.
(603) 319-4344 View (603) 319-4344
Photo of Marta Anna Neskey, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marta Anna Neskey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301
Feeling overwhelmed and lost? I am here to help. I offer telehealth. I understand that connecting with the right therapist is the first step to reaching your therapeutic goals. As a gentle, intuitive, and compassionate social worker, I view the therapeutic relationship as a foundation for change. Thus, I strive to provide to you and your family a safe and nurturing environment where you can safely explore your thoughts and feelings, and reach for living an authentic, congruent life.
Feeling overwhelmed and lost? I am here to help. I offer telehealth. I understand that connecting with the right therapist is the first step to reaching your therapeutic goals. As a gentle, intuitive, and compassionate social worker, I view the therapeutic relationship as a foundation for change. Thus, I strive to provide to you and your family a safe and nurturing environment where you can safely explore your thoughts and feelings, and reach for living an authentic, congruent life.
(603) 244-3645 View (603) 244-3645
Photo of Taylor Berrick, MS, LCMHC, RMT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Taylor Berrick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LCMHC, RMT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301
As an LGBTQIA+ identifying and affirming therapist, Reiki Master, & certified breath coach, I specialize in gender-affirming care & support to individuals in the LGBTQ+ community. I also have a focus on working with women with ADHD, college students, & healthcare workers. I am a fierce advocate for body positivity, sex positivity, challenging societal norms & fostering a non-judgmental environment where clients feel accepted and understood. Are you navigating the complexities of your identity, seeking to deepen your connection to yourself, or striving to overcome self-doubt and unlock your true potential, I'm here for you.
As an LGBTQIA+ identifying and affirming therapist, Reiki Master, & certified breath coach, I specialize in gender-affirming care & support to individuals in the LGBTQ+ community. I also have a focus on working with women with ADHD, college students, & healthcare workers. I am a fierce advocate for body positivity, sex positivity, challenging societal norms & fostering a non-judgmental environment where clients feel accepted and understood. Are you navigating the complexities of your identity, seeking to deepen your connection to yourself, or striving to overcome self-doubt and unlock your true potential, I'm here for you.
(978) 226-8263 View (978) 226-8263
Photo of Brianna Spratt, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Brianna Spratt
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
I am a graduate of Southern New Hampshire University working toward licensure under the supervision of our director Steven Durost. I have experience in both community mental health as well as in private practice through my internship experience here at C.R.E.A.T.E! I have worked with a diverse group of clients of all age groups. In my free time, I enjoy theater, music, video games, and reading, and I love anything to do with animals. My goal as a therapist is to be open and accessible to anyone who feels like they would benefit from counseling, and I strive to do so in a way that is unique to each of my clients.
I am a graduate of Southern New Hampshire University working toward licensure under the supervision of our director Steven Durost. I have experience in both community mental health as well as in private practice through my internship experience here at C.R.E.A.T.E! I have worked with a diverse group of clients of all age groups. In my free time, I enjoy theater, music, video games, and reading, and I love anything to do with animals. My goal as a therapist is to be open and accessible to anyone who feels like they would benefit from counseling, and I strive to do so in a way that is unique to each of my clients.
(603) 625-0010 View (603) 625-0010
Photo of Jason Lantz, MSW,  LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jason Lantz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
Jason Lantz is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in New Hampshire who has been practicing since 2022. Jason is insight-oriented and helps clients by giving them perspective on taking in everyday life, unravelling maladaptive beliefs with self, and building confidence with interpersonal relationships. Outside of work, Jason enjoys running, cycling, paddleboarding, reading, writing, learning, travelling, gardening, and being.
Jason Lantz is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in New Hampshire who has been practicing since 2022. Jason is insight-oriented and helps clients by giving them perspective on taking in everyday life, unravelling maladaptive beliefs with self, and building confidence with interpersonal relationships. Outside of work, Jason enjoys running, cycling, paddleboarding, reading, writing, learning, travelling, gardening, and being.
(833) 926-1586 View (833) 926-1586
Photo of Robert H Dannar, MS, LCMHC, MLADC, Counselor
Robert H Dannar
Counselor, MS, LCMHC, MLADC
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
I'm excited that a part of you is curious about ways to get support for whatever life has thrown at you. This is a puzzling time for most! There may be a part of us that is anxious, depressed, critical, scared or many other sensations that can take a hold of us. For years and even decades we have formed our own ways of dealing with things with the tools we had available. There is help and support for all of us from the world outside of us and from the world within us. Mental health and addiction are quiet illnesses that we often don't want to share or acknowledge.
I'm excited that a part of you is curious about ways to get support for whatever life has thrown at you. This is a puzzling time for most! There may be a part of us that is anxious, depressed, critical, scared or many other sensations that can take a hold of us. For years and even decades we have formed our own ways of dealing with things with the tools we had available. There is help and support for all of us from the world outside of us and from the world within us. Mental health and addiction are quiet illnesses that we often don't want to share or acknowledge.
(603) 931-4149 View (603) 931-4149
Photo of Gabby Casey, Pre-Licensed Professional
Gabby Casey
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301  (Online Only)
Healing occurs when we feel seen, heard, and accepted. We become empowered to live a life that aligns with our values. A felt sense of safety and grounding is key to regulating our nervous systems and accessing our inner wisdom. We will work collaboratively on challenges and explore how they can be opportunities for personal growth. We will explore specific tools and coping strategies that can be useful for you in your process.
Healing occurs when we feel seen, heard, and accepted. We become empowered to live a life that aligns with our values. A felt sense of safety and grounding is key to regulating our nervous systems and accessing our inner wisdom. We will work collaboratively on challenges and explore how they can be opportunities for personal growth. We will explore specific tools and coping strategies that can be useful for you in your process.
(603) 625-0010 View (603) 625-0010
Photo of Jennifer Hewitt, LCMHC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Hewitt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Tilton, NH 03276
If you are experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, or trauma, I can help you. As a licensed mental health counselor I utilize evidence based practices such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) and Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) to reduce stress, anxiety and depression. I offer a safe, compassionate environment which allows for a peaceful place to work towards your personal goals. Your initial consultation is just a call away. It would be a privilege to work with you. I also have several experiences therapist working with me at Mending Mind Wellness.
If you are experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, or trauma, I can help you. As a licensed mental health counselor I utilize evidence based practices such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) and Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) to reduce stress, anxiety and depression. I offer a safe, compassionate environment which allows for a peaceful place to work towards your personal goals. Your initial consultation is just a call away. It would be a privilege to work with you. I also have several experiences therapist working with me at Mending Mind Wellness.
(603) 605-1349 View (603) 605-1349
Photo of Rex L Bunnell, MA, MLADC, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Rex L Bunnell
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, MLADC
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
My name is Rex L. Bunnell, a master's level licensed alcohol and drug counselor at Wallastook Counseling. I have over 25 years of experience working in the addictions field. I not only understand the entire process of how recovery unfolds, but I also have a personal connection with recovery. Our first meeting gives the client and clinician an opportunity to develop a therapeutic alliance and presents the client with an opportunity to explore what his needs and goals are in counseling. Issues such as isolation, relationship conflicts, emotional dysregulation, and cognitive distortions all lead to alcohol and drug abuse.
My name is Rex L. Bunnell, a master's level licensed alcohol and drug counselor at Wallastook Counseling. I have over 25 years of experience working in the addictions field. I not only understand the entire process of how recovery unfolds, but I also have a personal connection with recovery. Our first meeting gives the client and clinician an opportunity to develop a therapeutic alliance and presents the client with an opportunity to explore what his needs and goals are in counseling. Issues such as isolation, relationship conflicts, emotional dysregulation, and cognitive distortions all lead to alcohol and drug abuse.
(603) 945-0189 View (603) 945-0189
Photo of Stevi Gelinas Sex Therapy Online, MS, MFT-A, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Stevi Gelinas Sex Therapy Online
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, MFT-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Concord, NH 03301  (Online Only)
I am dedicated to addressing sensitive and often overlooked topics in traditional therapy related to sex and intimacy, as these issues can significantly impact individuals' overall well-being and relationships. By shining a light on areas such as erectile dysfunction, sexual pain, kink-related concerns, religious shame, and infidelity, I aim to provide a safe and non-judgmental space for individuals to explore and work through these challenges. I support clients in both monogamous and polyamorous relationships ultimately helping individuals strengthen their self-identity and foster meaningful connections.
I am dedicated to addressing sensitive and often overlooked topics in traditional therapy related to sex and intimacy, as these issues can significantly impact individuals' overall well-being and relationships. By shining a light on areas such as erectile dysfunction, sexual pain, kink-related concerns, religious shame, and infidelity, I aim to provide a safe and non-judgmental space for individuals to explore and work through these challenges. I support clients in both monogamous and polyamorous relationships ultimately helping individuals strengthen their self-identity and foster meaningful connections.
(833) 322-6258 View (833) 322-6258
Photo of Larry Mynatt - Discovery Learning Associates, MEd, RCTC, COFT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Discovery Learning Associates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, RCTC, COFT
Verified Verified
Concord, NH 03301
Utilizing EEG biofeedback (neurofeedback), therapeutic music and hypnosis, we have a creative approach to individualize a treatment plan for every client. Our practice consists of both children and adults. Primarily the children come to work on ADD/ADHD or autistic spectrum disorders. The adults come for an array of issues: anxiety, depression, migraines, chronic pain and sleep problems. In addition, we work with clients for peak performance, i.e., eradicating barriers from even higher executive, academic, athletic or artistic excellence.
Utilizing EEG biofeedback (neurofeedback), therapeutic music and hypnosis, we have a creative approach to individualize a treatment plan for every client. Our practice consists of both children and adults. Primarily the children come to work on ADD/ADHD or autistic spectrum disorders. The adults come for an array of issues: anxiety, depression, migraines, chronic pain and sleep problems. In addition, we work with clients for peak performance, i.e., eradicating barriers from even higher executive, academic, athletic or artistic excellence.
(617) 612-5037 View (617) 612-5037

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Canterbury, NH

< 10

Therapists in Canterbury, NH who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Grief
100% Parenting
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Divorce

Average years in practice

27 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Medicare
100% Tufts

How Therapists in Canterbury, NH see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Canterbury?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.

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