Therapists in University Circle, Cleveland, OH

Photo of Laura J Chapman - Laura Chapman MA LSW, MA, LSW, Jungian, Analyst, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Laura Chapman MA LSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LSW, Jungian, Analyst
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
Clients come with a desire for change and willingness to take on a journey of self discovery. I support the client in entering this process in whatever way feels right for them. Individuals start by looking at family dynamics, life scripts and their personal thought process. I encourage clients to make deeper connections with their feelings as well as choices and impact on others. The task of my client is to uncover parts of themselves and to develop compassion for who they have been and who they are becoming.
Clients come with a desire for change and willingness to take on a journey of self discovery. I support the client in entering this process in whatever way feels right for them. Individuals start by looking at family dynamics, life scripts and their personal thought process. I encourage clients to make deeper connections with their feelings as well as choices and impact on others. The task of my client is to uncover parts of themselves and to develop compassion for who they have been and who they are becoming.
(216) 772-3052 View (216) 772-3052
Photo of Rachel Tramonte, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachel Tramonte
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
I work with adults & parents who want to manage their anxiety and depression. My goal is to help you stay focused on what matters most to you most.
I work with adults & parents who want to manage their anxiety and depression. My goal is to help you stay focused on what matters most to you most.
(323) 420-8305 View (323) 420-8305
Photo of Alan Federman - Cleveland Couples Center, MA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cleveland Couples Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
At Cleveland Couples Center, all our therapists are experts in couples therapy, and bring years of experience working with a full spectrum of clients and issues that they bring. Among the issues we frequently deal with are those of infidelity, anger, lack of trust, intimacy, parenting, drug and alcohol abuse,and pre-marital counseling. Our therapists cover a diverse spectrum of age, race, sexual orientation and faith. We are located in a number of convenient locations throughout the city.
At Cleveland Couples Center, all our therapists are experts in couples therapy, and bring years of experience working with a full spectrum of clients and issues that they bring. Among the issues we frequently deal with are those of infidelity, anger, lack of trust, intimacy, parenting, drug and alcohol abuse,and pre-marital counseling. Our therapists cover a diverse spectrum of age, race, sexual orientation and faith. We are located in a number of convenient locations throughout the city.
(216) 220-8210 View (216) 220-8210
Photo of Randie Shane - Randie Shane, IMFT, IMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Randie Shane, IMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, IMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
You make sense. I know it doesn't always feel that way; it often feels like no one understands why you do what you do, sometimes even including you. It's a lonely and disheartening feeling. I create a safe and judgment-free space for individuals and couples to discover, make sense of, and shift out of what is driving the stuckness. Together we will break patterns and heal parts of yourself you lost contact with along the way.
You make sense. I know it doesn't always feel that way; it often feels like no one understands why you do what you do, sometimes even including you. It's a lonely and disheartening feeling. I create a safe and judgment-free space for individuals and couples to discover, make sense of, and shift out of what is driving the stuckness. Together we will break patterns and heal parts of yourself you lost contact with along the way.
(646) 798-4048 View (646) 798-4048
Photo of Janice Land, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Janice Land
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106  (Online Only)
Feeling like life's a never-ending rollercoaster of emotions? Overwhelmed with “adulting?” Or maybe life just feels like a dumpster fire? It's a tough spot to be in, but guess what? You are not alone! Hi there! My name is Janice and I’m here to help! Whether you are new to therapy or returning to get additional help - I’m glad you are here! Trying to figure things out on your own can be hard and isolating. And when you can’t figure it out - it may leave you feeling even more defeated! Allow me to take this journey with you to offer some guidance. We can work at your pace and figure this out together!
Feeling like life's a never-ending rollercoaster of emotions? Overwhelmed with “adulting?” Or maybe life just feels like a dumpster fire? It's a tough spot to be in, but guess what? You are not alone! Hi there! My name is Janice and I’m here to help! Whether you are new to therapy or returning to get additional help - I’m glad you are here! Trying to figure things out on your own can be hard and isolating. And when you can’t figure it out - it may leave you feeling even more defeated! Allow me to take this journey with you to offer some guidance. We can work at your pace and figure this out together!
(330) 767-9719 View (330) 767-9719
Photo of Robert P Norton - Norton School and Community Consulting, PSYS, LSPSY
Norton School and Community Consulting
Educational Psychologist, PSYS, LSPSY
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
Not accepting new clients
Norton School and Community Consulting's mission is to provide mental health services that address needs at school, home, and community to help individuals succeed academically, emotionally, and socially.
Norton School and Community Consulting's mission is to provide mental health services that address needs at school, home, and community to help individuals succeed academically, emotionally, and socially.
(216) 877-9319 View (216) 877-9319
Photo of Dr. Teri Ann Bolte, PhD, ABPP, Psychologist
Dr. Teri Ann Bolte
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hello and welcome! If you are considering therapy, remember this - attending to your mental health is as important as attending to your physical health. The mind and body are, in fact, one in the same. They are in constant, bidirectional communication every moment of every day. In my practice, I leverage this incredible linkage by incorporating mind-body techniques into every session. My warm, collaborative approach begins by working with you to create a personalized pathway for healing that integrates your unique needs and preferences with powerful, neuro-informed, evidence-based approaches.
Hello and welcome! If you are considering therapy, remember this - attending to your mental health is as important as attending to your physical health. The mind and body are, in fact, one in the same. They are in constant, bidirectional communication every moment of every day. In my practice, I leverage this incredible linkage by incorporating mind-body techniques into every session. My warm, collaborative approach begins by working with you to create a personalized pathway for healing that integrates your unique needs and preferences with powerful, neuro-informed, evidence-based approaches.
(513) 935-3042 View (513) 935-3042
Photo of Leslie LaFleur, PsyD, ATR, Psychologist
Leslie LaFleur
Psychologist, PsyD, ATR
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
Not accepting new clients
Individual therapy offers a non-judgemental space for you to learn more about yourself and the issues that are troubling to you. Central to my practice is a supportive and trusting relationship in which you can feel valued, respected, and worthy. I will be with you throughout the process, offering my support, encouragement, and candid observations. Facing these issues can be intimidating and seeking help takes courage. Whether you work with me or another professional, I am glad you are beginning this journey.
Individual therapy offers a non-judgemental space for you to learn more about yourself and the issues that are troubling to you. Central to my practice is a supportive and trusting relationship in which you can feel valued, respected, and worthy. I will be with you throughout the process, offering my support, encouragement, and candid observations. Facing these issues can be intimidating and seeking help takes courage. Whether you work with me or another professional, I am glad you are beginning this journey.
(216) 303-8964 View (216) 303-8964
Photo of Janet (Jeni) Fetzer, MA, LPCC-S, Counselor
Janet (Jeni) Fetzer
Counselor, MA, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
I have had the opportunity to work with adolescents, adults, and families in both individual and group settings. In my work with adolescents, I have provided care for children and teens who report issues regarding suicide, depression, anxiety, family concerns, and behavioral issues. I have training in art and play therapy and specialize in the unique needs that children and adolescents face. I utilize a strength-based approach with each individual to help them achieve their goals toward wellness. I am a licensed professional clinical counselor-supervisor in the state of Ohio and received her graduate degree in Mental Health Counseling from Asbury Theological Seminary.
I have had the opportunity to work with adolescents, adults, and families in both individual and group settings. In my work with adolescents, I have provided care for children and teens who report issues regarding suicide, depression, anxiety, family concerns, and behavioral issues. I have training in art and play therapy and specialize in the unique needs that children and adolescents face. I utilize a strength-based approach with each individual to help them achieve their goals toward wellness. I am a licensed professional clinical counselor-supervisor in the state of Ohio and received her graduate degree in Mental Health Counseling from Asbury Theological Seminary.
(440) 709-8293 View (440) 709-8293
Photo of Marilyn Murray, PhD, Psychologist
Marilyn Murray
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106  (Online Only)
I believe most people go through times in their lives when extra help is needed. It is actually healthy to know when you need some support and a competent caring person to help sort through life's problems. I work from a solution focused approach to help you live fully aware, with purpose, accomplishing your goals and coming to a better understanding of how to live as a mature adult in this world. Please note: practicing telephone and video therapy at this time. Details provided when we speak.
I believe most people go through times in their lives when extra help is needed. It is actually healthy to know when you need some support and a competent caring person to help sort through life's problems. I work from a solution focused approach to help you live fully aware, with purpose, accomplishing your goals and coming to a better understanding of how to live as a mature adult in this world. Please note: practicing telephone and video therapy at this time. Details provided when we speak.
(216) 279-3816 View (216) 279-3816
Photo of Georgie Gray, MSSA, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Georgie Gray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LISW-S
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
I have over two decades of experience using a strengths-based approach with families of all kinds. It IS possible to have high expectations for your kids AND to stop punishing, stop yelling, start enjoying your child.I customize solutions to meet your needs. Services include parent coaching and child therapy, in an office setting or virtual. Peaceful parenting, improved family relationships, more fun.
I have over two decades of experience using a strengths-based approach with families of all kinds. It IS possible to have high expectations for your kids AND to stop punishing, stop yelling, start enjoying your child.I customize solutions to meet your needs. Services include parent coaching and child therapy, in an office setting or virtual. Peaceful parenting, improved family relationships, more fun.
(216) 220-2702 View (216) 220-2702
Photo of Mary Rose Tichar, MEd, LPC, CCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Mary Rose Tichar
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, CCC
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
Hello! I am a career counselor, life coach, and a licensed professional counselor with 20 years of experience. Your natural talent and strengths, along with meaning and purpose for your work, is the cornerstone of a satisfying career. At InsideOut, we talk a lot about your natural talent and we build narratives and communication strategies for interviews and networking. We work a process that builds confidence and clarity for who you are, and the value you bring to your work. If you are an early, mid, or seasoned person seeking a pathway forward, please connect with me. I look forward to meeting you!
Hello! I am a career counselor, life coach, and a licensed professional counselor with 20 years of experience. Your natural talent and strengths, along with meaning and purpose for your work, is the cornerstone of a satisfying career. At InsideOut, we talk a lot about your natural talent and we build narratives and communication strategies for interviews and networking. We work a process that builds confidence and clarity for who you are, and the value you bring to your work. If you are an early, mid, or seasoned person seeking a pathway forward, please connect with me. I look forward to meeting you!
(216) 502-2787 View (216) 502-2787
Photo of Linda K Mcgraw, PhD, Psychologist
Linda K Mcgraw
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
For the past 30 years, as a clinical psychologist, I have assisted clients in coping with a wide range of life stressors and emotional struggles including depression, anxiety, grief, psychological trauma, abuse and neglect, work-related stress and family/marital/relationship difficulties. My professional goal is to facilitate clients' happiness, peace and fulfillment in life by using evidence-based treatment strategies that provide clients coping tools for everyday life. I never lose sight of what a great honor and privilege it is to have clients share their thoughts and feelings, hopes and dreams, and personal struggles with me.
For the past 30 years, as a clinical psychologist, I have assisted clients in coping with a wide range of life stressors and emotional struggles including depression, anxiety, grief, psychological trauma, abuse and neglect, work-related stress and family/marital/relationship difficulties. My professional goal is to facilitate clients' happiness, peace and fulfillment in life by using evidence-based treatment strategies that provide clients coping tools for everyday life. I never lose sight of what a great honor and privilege it is to have clients share their thoughts and feelings, hopes and dreams, and personal struggles with me.
(440) 349-3038 View (440) 349-3038
Photo of Richard (Rick) R Karges - Rick Karges, Leadership & Counseling Associates, LISW-S, ACSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rick Karges, Leadership & Counseling Associates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S, ACSW
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
Leadership & Counseling Associates provides “real-life solutions for real- life challenges.” We serve individuals and organizations faced with difficult challenges, changes, or opportunities personally and/or in the workplace. My individual practice typically utilizes short-term, solution-focused, strengths-based methods to address the problems or concerns that may be barriers to reaching your goals.
Leadership & Counseling Associates provides “real-life solutions for real- life challenges.” We serve individuals and organizations faced with difficult challenges, changes, or opportunities personally and/or in the workplace. My individual practice typically utilizes short-term, solution-focused, strengths-based methods to address the problems or concerns that may be barriers to reaching your goals.
(440) 485-3052 View (440) 485-3052
Photo of Tiona L Gosha, RN, MACPC, BSN, LPCC, S
Tiona L Gosha
RN, MACPC, BSN, LPCC, S
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106  (Online Only)
Life experiences can leave you feeling shattered! I am here to help you feel whole again. My ideal client is one who comes to be heard, seeking a way to cope with personal challenges that are effecting their interpersonal relationships, career, physical, emotional or spiritual functionality. I have over 16 years in Clinical Pastoral Counseling. I have worked in the healthcare field as Registered Nurse since 1983. Which has groomed me to work with clients in matters of the heart.
Life experiences can leave you feeling shattered! I am here to help you feel whole again. My ideal client is one who comes to be heard, seeking a way to cope with personal challenges that are effecting their interpersonal relationships, career, physical, emotional or spiritual functionality. I have over 16 years in Clinical Pastoral Counseling. I have worked in the healthcare field as Registered Nurse since 1983. Which has groomed me to work with clients in matters of the heart.
(216) 232-9368 View (216) 232-9368
Photo of Patricia L. Mangus-Morris, MEd, LPCC, Counselor
Patricia L. Mangus-Morris
Counselor, MEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106  (Online Only)
Hi, I’m Patty. I am a licensed Professional Counselor and I believe that we are all doing the best we can. Sometimes we all need specialized care to support us through life’s struggles. In order to serve you best, I have been trained in a range of modalities including Certified EMDR, Certified Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Polyvagal, Narrative Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Gottman Couples (training 1 &2, trauma, affairs, and addiction). You will find that I am an inclusive trauma-informed counselor driven by a client-centered belief for both adults and adolescents.
Hi, I’m Patty. I am a licensed Professional Counselor and I believe that we are all doing the best we can. Sometimes we all need specialized care to support us through life’s struggles. In order to serve you best, I have been trained in a range of modalities including Certified EMDR, Certified Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Polyvagal, Narrative Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Gottman Couples (training 1 &2, trauma, affairs, and addiction). You will find that I am an inclusive trauma-informed counselor driven by a client-centered belief for both adults and adolescents.
(937) 915-6768 View (937) 915-6768
Photo of Kaleigh Mackay, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kaleigh Mackay
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106  (Online Only)
Kaleigh is certified in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and has extensive experience working with patients who have experienced complex and severe trauma. She enjoys working with adolescents and adults who struggle with ADHD, anxiety or depression. She loves helping clients find interpersonal approaches to healing their past trauma, navigating their current circumstances and implementing positive changes to improve their overall quality of life and well-being.
Kaleigh is certified in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and has extensive experience working with patients who have experienced complex and severe trauma. She enjoys working with adolescents and adults who struggle with ADHD, anxiety or depression. She loves helping clients find interpersonal approaches to healing their past trauma, navigating their current circumstances and implementing positive changes to improve their overall quality of life and well-being.
(614) 858-3843 View (614) 858-3843
Photo of Donielle Lisbon, MSSA, LISW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Donielle Lisbon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LISW, LCSW
Verified Verified
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106  (Online Only)
Have you ever stopped to wonder, what life could look like if we truly allowed ourselves to lean into the power of vulnerably discovering who we are and what we need to feel safe and whole in this world? What could our relationships with others look like? How would we see ourselves? What could we finally let go of? What new light could we step into? The clients that I work with are asking the same and finding their truest intentions for this life and looking for support as they navigate through it all.
Have you ever stopped to wonder, what life could look like if we truly allowed ourselves to lean into the power of vulnerably discovering who we are and what we need to feel safe and whole in this world? What could our relationships with others look like? How would we see ourselves? What could we finally let go of? What new light could we step into? The clients that I work with are asking the same and finding their truest intentions for this life and looking for support as they navigate through it all.
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Photo of Amelia Logan, MSW, BASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amelia Logan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, BASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106
Are you grappling with ADHD, trauma, depression, or anxiety? Do you find coping with overwhelming emotions, negative thoughts, life transitions, or stress challenging? Are you finding it hard to balance your life with school or work? Therapy offers a safe and welcoming space to work through challenges, process emotions, and build self-acceptance and resilience. You deserve the support to navigate these challenges. I would love to collaborate with you, using evidence-based interventions to develop healthier thought patterns and coping skills.
Are you grappling with ADHD, trauma, depression, or anxiety? Do you find coping with overwhelming emotions, negative thoughts, life transitions, or stress challenging? Are you finding it hard to balance your life with school or work? Therapy offers a safe and welcoming space to work through challenges, process emotions, and build self-acceptance and resilience. You deserve the support to navigate these challenges. I would love to collaborate with you, using evidence-based interventions to develop healthier thought patterns and coping skills.
(440) 597-5871 View (440) 597-5871
Photo of Jaden List, MSSA, LSW, OCPS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jaden List
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LSW, OCPS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106  (Online Only)
I use tools from CBT, DBT, and CPT to facilitate solution-oriented, skills based, and/or psychotherapeutic sessions. We can work on specific emotional regulation and/or social skills, process identities, set and plan goals, connect you to resources, and more. We can focus on identity development, transgender journeys, disability as an identity, anxiety and depression, chronic illness, queer/polyamorous relationships, and/or being religious and LGBTQ+. (Please Note: Unfortunately, I cannot accept insurance. Affirming Pathways is out of pocket pay only.)
I use tools from CBT, DBT, and CPT to facilitate solution-oriented, skills based, and/or psychotherapeutic sessions. We can work on specific emotional regulation and/or social skills, process identities, set and plan goals, connect you to resources, and more. We can focus on identity development, transgender journeys, disability as an identity, anxiety and depression, chronic illness, queer/polyamorous relationships, and/or being religious and LGBTQ+. (Please Note: Unfortunately, I cannot accept insurance. Affirming Pathways is out of pocket pay only.)
(330) 427-3693 View (330) 427-3693
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See more therapy options for University Circle, Cleveland

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in University Circle, Cleveland, OH

40+

Average cost per session

$137

Therapists in University Circle, Cleveland, OH who prioritize treating:

88% Anxiety
80% Depression
68% Relationship Issues
68% Self Esteem
66% Coping Skills
63% Trauma and PTSD
61% Stress

Average years in practice

6 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aetna
73% Medical Mutual
70% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in University Circle, Cleveland, OH see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
18% Male
5% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in University Circle, Cleveland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.

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