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Unbraced shear walls behave as cantilevers, where the maximum flexural moment occurs at the base. This flexural moment, combined with the axial load, creates a unique design challenge because of the interaction between these two forces. If you recall from your solid mechanics courses at uni, the maximum stress for a section under axial load (P) and flexural moment (M) can be expressed as: P/A ± My/I Where: A = cross-sectional area y = distance from the neutral axis to the furthest point of the section I = second moment of inertia The stress varies based on the P-M interaction, which is a fundamental principle in the design of shear walls. By plotting the interaction diagram, we can visualise the spectrum of load combinations our wall can withstand. Once this diagram is created, it’s just a matter of ensuring that the demand values (N*, M*) fall within the acceptable region. Check out our new Concrete Shear Wall to AS3600 calculator that plots the interaction diagram! https://lnkd.in/eaqYuJf6

Concrete shear walls are structural elements designed to resist vertical and lateral forces. They provide a very stiff point in a structure due to their long lengths and substantial thickness, allowing the safe transfer of loads to the foundations during earthquakes and strong winds. Shear walls are typically unbraced meaning they are designed to cantilever from the ground to the top of the structure. They are also typically positioned around lifts and stairwells to form a collection of walls called a core. Check out our new Concrete Shear Wall to AS3600 calculator! It designs a concrete wall for in-plane actions by graphing the interaction diagram for combined axial and bending, as well as computing the shear resistance and handy reinforcement tonnages. https://lnkd.in/eaqYuJf6

The way we design buildings to handle earthquakes has changed in ASCE 7-22, compared to ASCE 7-16. Here are the key updates: - 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲 𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗿𝗮: a new method is used to calculate earthquake forces, called the Multi-Period Response Spectrum - 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝘀𝗼𝗶𝗹 𝗰𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀: new site classes are defined, particularly for soft soils - 𝗥𝗲𝗺𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗲𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀: in ASCE 7-16, engineers needed to manually apply coefficients for soil amplification effects (Fa and Fv) based on the site class. ASCE 7-22 eliminates these manual adjustments by incorporating them into the Multi-Period Response Spectrum - 𝗨𝗽𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮: updated seismic hazard maps, incorporating new data and reflecting the latest understanding of seismic risk Our new Response Spectrum calculators easily compare the seismic designs of ASCE 7-16 and ASCE 7-22. https://lnkd.in/e3msSrAh https://lnkd.in/eHNv6d-s

This week, we take a deep dive into seismic design! 𝗪𝗵𝘆 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗵𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀? An earthquake event moves the ground, causing a ground acceleration. A building with negligible mass subject to an earthquake motion at it's base, will move back and forth following the exact motion of the earthquake but no force will be generated in the building. But because buildings have mass, an earthquake motion at it's base will result in a difference in motion between the top of the building and its base, this is called relative displacement, which generates forces in the building. 𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝗱𝗼 𝘄𝗲 𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗳𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗮𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝗻 𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗵𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗸𝗲 𝗼𝗻 𝗮 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲? Acceleration is a quantity used to measure the response of a building to the earthquake. We prefer to use acceleration rather then relative displacement because we can directly obtain the design force by multiplying acceleration by the mass of the building. All structures (in fact, all things!) vibrate and have a frequency that it naturally vibrates in. This is called it's fundamental frequency and the reciprocal is called it's fundamental period, a property which depends on the mass and stiffness of the structure. Under an earthquake, how much a building accelerates depends mainly on it's fundamental period. Low-rise buildings have shorter periods and tend to experience higher accelerations, while tall buildings have longer periods and tend to experience slower accelerations but larger relative displacements. 𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗮 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲 𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗺? To formulate a trend for the purpose of design, we can take many structures with different fundamental periods, subject them to the same earthquake and plot the maximum accelerations (also referred to as spectral accelerations) that occur in each structure due to that earthquake. This is called a response spectrum, it is a plot of how structures respond to an earthquake. Each response spectrum is specific to a unique earthquake event. National codes will envelope all response spectra from earthquakes that are expected to occur in that area. The exact shape of the enveloped response spectrum is based on location and soil type. Engineers use seismic response spectrum plots to read off the spectral acceleration (on the y-axis) for their specific building with fundamental period (on the x-axis). Multiplying this spectral acceleration by the mass of their building gives the design base shear force that their building must resist. In a building, this base shear can be resisted by ground friction of a foundation raft or by lateral shear in piles. Check out our Seismic Spectrum calculators to EC8 (Eurocode) & ASCE 7 (American code)! https://lnkd.in/g5dJWtfT https://lnkd.in/ehp-7wyp

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The design of a web plate connection includes a bolt shear check. This check is quite involved with three sub-checks: - tear-out of the bolts - vertical bearing of the bolts - horizontal bearing of the bolts The three sub-checks consider the bolt tear-out and bearing through the web plate itself and also the web of the beam. See our new calculator to learn more and use on your next steel project! https://lnkd.in/e75cDnPX

Web side plate connections are very common flexible connections for steel beams to columns. Typically they form part of standard details and are scheduled on drawings based on beam size, and therefore rarely do we design them by hand. What actually goes into the design of a web plate connection? The design checks are not explicitly stated in AS4100, though the Australian Steel Institute published "Design Guide 3: Web side plate connections" which outlines the required checks. These include: - bolt shear - web (cleat) plate shear and bending - weld in combined shear and bending - beam shear (especially for coped beams) - punching shear of the column Check out our new calculator for a detailed guide and calculations of web plate connections to AS4100 and ASI Design Guide 3! https://lnkd.in/e75cDnPX

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